Continents of the world and FAO fishing areas, Ocean fisheries and coastal countries, large seas, marine capture fisheries production of the world major fishing areas, generals, and species.

1. THE WORLD OCEAN FISHERIES
By
BHUKYA BHASKAR
FISHERIES

2. Terminology
• Ocean – the four to seven largest named bodies of water in the World Ocean, all of
which have "Ocean" in the name. See Borders of the oceans for details.
• Sea has several definitions:
– A division of an ocean, delineated by landforms,currents (e.g., Sargasso Sea), or specific
latitude or longitude boundaries. This includes but is not limited to marginal seas, and
this is the definition used for inclusion in this list.
– A marginal sea is a division of an ocean, partially enclosed by islands, archipelagos,
or peninsulas, adjacent to or widely open to the open ocean at the surface, and/or
bounded by submarine ridges on the sea floor.
– The World Ocean. For example, the Law of the Sea states that all of the World Ocean is
"sea", and this is also common usage for "the sea".
– Any large body of water with "Sea" in the name, including lakes.
• River – a narrow strip of water that flows over land from a higher elevation to a
lower one
• Tributary – a small river that flows into a larger one
• Estuary – the piece of a river that flows into the sea or ocean
• Strait – a narrow area of water connecting two wider areas of water, also
sometimes known as a passage
• Channel– usually wider than a strait
• Passage – connects waters between islands, also sometimes known as a strait
• Canal – a human-made channel
• Fjard – a large open water between groups of islands

3. Cont...
• Bay – generic term; though most features with "Bay" in
the name are small, some are very large
• Gulf – a very large bay, often a top-level division of an
ocean or sea
• Fjord – a long bay with steep sides, typically formed by
a glacier
• Bight – a bay that is typically shallower than a sound
• Sound – a large, wide bay which is typically deeper
than a bight, or a strait
• Cove – a small, typically sheltered bay with a relatively
narrow entrance
• Inlet – a narrow and long bay similar to a land
peninsula, but adjoining the sea
• Polynya – least used of these terms, a patch of water
surrounded by ice

4. The World five Oceans are:
• The Pacific Ocean, the largest of the oceans, also reaches northward from the
Southern Ocean to the Arctic Ocean. It spans the gap between Australia and Asia,
and the Americas. The Pacific Ocean meets the Atlantic Ocean south of South
America at Cape Horn.
• The Atlantic Ocean, the second largest, extends from the Southern Ocean between
the Americas, and Africa and Europe, to the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean
meets the Indian Ocean south of Africa at Cape Agulhas.
• The Indian Ocean, the third largest, extends northward from the Southern Ocean
to India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Southeast Asia in Asia, and between Africa in
the west and Australia in the east. The Indian Ocean joins the Pacific Ocean to the
east, near Australia.
• The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the five. It joins the Atlantic Ocean
near Greenland and Iceland and joins the Pacific Ocean at the Bering Strait. It
overlies the North Pole, touching North America in the Western
Hemisphere and Scandinavia and Siberia in the Eastern Hemisphere. The Arctic
Ocean is partially covered in sea ice, the extent of which varies according to the
season.
• The Southern Ocean is a proposed ocean surrounding Antarctica, dominated by
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, generally the ocean south of 60 degrees south
latitude. The Southern Ocean is partially covered in sea ice, the extent of which
varies according to the season. The Southern Ocean is the second smallest of the
five named oceans.

5. The North America
• Sovereign Countries: 23
• Area (km2): 24,709,000 km2Area (mi2):
9,540,000 mi2
• Population: 579,024,000
• Population: Density23 km2
• GDP (PPP)$26.03 Trillion
• GDP per Capita$49,240
• North America is the third largest continent in
the world by land area. By population, it is the
fourth largest. Sometimes considered to be
a subcontinent of the Americas, North America
is found entirely in the northern hemisphere and
is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the
Atlantic ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in
the west, and South America to the south. North
America is home to the longest land border in
the world, which is shared between Canada the
the United States.

6. South America
• Sovereign Countries12
• Area (km2)17,840,000 km2
• Area (mi2)6,890,000 mi2
• Population423,581,078
• Population Density21 km2
• GDP (PPP)$6.92 Trillion
• GDP per Capita$8,560
• Description: South America is the world’s
fourth largest continent by land area, and the
world’s third most populous. It is mostly
situated in the southern hemisphere, with the
exception of a small area of the northernmost
portion of the continent. It is found completely
in the western hemisphere. South America is
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the
Pacific Ocean in the west, the Southern Ocean
in the south, and North America in the north.

7. The EUROPE
• Sovereign Countries50
• Area (km2)10,180,000 km2
• Area (mi2)3,930,000 mi2
• Population746,419,440
• Population Density73 km2
• GDP (PPP)$29.01 Trillion
• GDP per Capita$29,410
• Description: Europe is the world’s
third most populated continent, and
the sixth largest continent by land
area. Although physically connected to
Asia, Europe has historically been
considered a separate continent due
to cultural and linguistic differences.
The Ural and Caucasus Mountains are
generally thought to be the eastern
boundary of Europe. The other
borders of Europe include the Black
Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the
south, the Arctic Ocean to the north,
and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Europe is home to more than 10% of
the world’s population.

8. THE AFRICA
• Sovereign Countries54
• Area (km2)30,370,000 km2
• Area (mi2)11,730,000 mi2
• Population1,275,920,972
• Population Density36 km2
• GDP (PPP)$7.16 Trillion
• GDP per Capita$1,930
• Description: Africa is the world's
second largest continent by both
land area and population.
The equator runs through Africa in
the middle of the continent. Around
one third of Africa is located in the
Southern Hemisphere. Africa makes
up about 20% of the world’s total
land area. The Indian Ocean, the
Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean
Sea and the Red Sea all surround
Africa, to the east, west, and north
respectively.

9. THE ASIA
• Sovereign Countries48
• Area (km2)44,579,000 km2
• Area (mi2)17,212,000 mi2
• Population4,560,667,108
• Population Density100 km2
• GDP (PPP)$65.44 Trillion
• GDP per Capita$7,350
• Description: Asia is the world’s
largest continent both by
population and by land area.
Comprising of 30% of the world’s
land area, Asia borders the Pacific
Ocean in the east, the Arctic
Ocean in the north, the Indian
Ocean in the south, and Europe to
the west. Around 60% of the
world’s population lives in Asia.

10. THE OCEANIA
• Sovereign Countries: 14
• Area (km2)8,525,989 km2
• Area (mi2)3,291,903 mi2
• Population41,570,842
• Population Density4 km2
• GDP (PPP)$1.62 Trillion
• GDP per Capita$41,037
• Description: Australia is the
world’s smallest continent and
second least populated. The
term Oceania is also used to
describe this region in order to
differentiate it from the country
of Australia. However, Oceania
is not a continent but is instead
a continental grouping. The
term Australasia is also
sometimes use to refer to this
region. Countries included in the
Australian continent include
Australia, Papua New Guinea,
and portions of Indonesia.

11. THE Antarctica
• Sovereign Countries N/A Area
(km2)14,200,000 km2
• Area (mi2)5,500,000 mi2
• Population1,000
• Population Density 0 km2
• GDP (PPP)N/AGDP per CapitaN/A
• Description: Located at the South
Pole, Antarctica has no permanent
population and no countries. It is
reserved for use as a scientific base.
Antarctica is the fifth largest
continent by land area, and the least
populated continent. Antarctica is
an island, and is completely
surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
• Size: 13,209,000 sq km, 5,100,021
sq miles ( varies due to changing ice
shelves)
• Percent of Earth's Land: 8.9%
• Status Antarctica, almost 98% solid
ice, was finally considered a
continent in 1840, and not just a
group of isolated islands. Today it
has active territorial claims
submitted by Argentina, Australia,
Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway
and the United Kingdom

12. INLAND CAPTURE PRODUCTION IN FAO MAJOR FISHING AREAS

13. MARINE CAPTURE PRODUCTION: FAO MAJOR FISHING
AREAS

14. Cont...

15. MARINE CAPTURE
PRODUCTION: MAJOR SPECIES
AND GENERA

16. TRENDS IN GLOBAL CAPTURE FISHERIES
• In 2020, global marine captures were
78.8 million tonnes, a decline of 6.8 percent
from the peak of 84.5 million tonnes in 2018.

17. MARINE CAPTURE PRODUCTION: MAJOR PRODUCING
COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES

18. OCEAN FISHERIES
• Some estimates report the world’s oceans are home to 20,000
species of fish. Ocean fishes come in all shapes, sizes, colours and
live in drastically different depths and temperatures. Despite this
diversity, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
reported in 2016 that 89.5% of fish stocks are fully fished or
overfished.

19. TRENDS IN GLOBAL CAPTURE FISHERIES AND TOP TEN
GLOBAL CAPTURE PRODUCERS, 2020

20. WORLD CAPTURE FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

21. REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD CAPTURE FISHERIES AND
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

22. WORLD CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY
ISSCAAP DIVISIONS, IN ABSOLUTE VALUES AND PERCENTAGE, 2020
• the 178 million tonnes of aquatic animals, 36
million tonnes (wet weight) of algae were
produced in 2020, of which 97 percent
originated from aquaculture. Asian countries
confirmed their role as major producers with a
share of 97 percent of the total production of
algae. China alone as leading producer
accounted for 58 percent of the overall total in
2020, followed by Indonesia (27 percent) and
the Republic of Korea (5 percent).
• If production of algae is added to that of aquatic
animals, fisheries and aquaculture production
reached an all-time record of 214 million tonnes
in 2020, with an overall growth of only 0.4
percent compared with 2019 and of 0.3 percent
compared with the previous record of 2018.
• Of this overall total, Asian countries produced
75 percent in 2020, followed by countries in the
Americas (10 percent), Europe (8 percent),
Africa (6 percent) and Oceania (1 percent).
• In the total fisheries and aquaculture
production of aquatic animals and algae,
aquaculture had already overtaken capture
fisheries as the primary source of aquatic
production in 2013, and its share in total
production reached 57 percent in 2020

23. MARINE CAPTURE PRODUCTION: MAJOR
PRODUCING COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
MARINE CAPTURE PRODUCTION:
MAJOR SPECIES AND GENERA

24. The World OCEANS FISHING AREAS
S No Ocean Location
Area
(km2)
Volume
(km3)
Avg. depth
(m)
Coastline
(km)
No of coastal
countries
FAO FISHING AREAs
1
Pacific
Ocean
Between Asia and Australasia and
the Americas
168,723,000
(46.6%)
669,880,000
(50.1%)
3,970
135,663
(35.9%)
>50 countries
61 Pacific, Northwest
67. Pacific, Northeast
71. Pacific, Western Central
77. Pacific, Eastern Central
81. Pacific, Southwest
87. Pacific, Southeast
88. Pacific, Antarctic
2
Atlantic
Ocean
Between
the Americas and Europe and Africa
85,133,000
(23.5%)
310,410,900
(23.3%)
3,646
111,866
(29.6%)
133 countries
& territories
& 5continents
21Atlantic, Northwest
27 Atlantic, Northeast
31 Atlantic, Western
34 Atlantic, Eastern
37 Mediterranean and Black Sea
41 Atlantic, Southwest
47 Atlantic, Southeast
48 Atlantic, Antarctic
3
Indian
Ocean
Between southern Asia, Africa
and Australia
70,560,000
(19.5%)
264,000,000
(19.8%)
3,741
66,526
(17.6%)
38 countries
51 Indian Ocean, Western
57 Indian Ocean, Eastern
4
Antarctic
/Souther
n Ocean
Between Antarctica and the Pacific,
Atlantic and Indian oceans
Sometimes considered an extension
of those three oceans.
21,960,000
(6.1%)
71,800,000
(5.4%)
3,270
17,968
(4.8%)
03 countries
58 Antarctic and Southern
& 48 Atlantic, Antarctic
5
Arctic
Ocean
Between northern North America
and Eurasia in the Arctic
Sometimes considered marginal
sea of the Atlantic
15,558,000
(4.3%)
18,750,000
(1.4%)
1,205
45,389
(12.0%)
8 18 Arctic Sea
Total
361,900,000
(100%)
1.335×109
(100%)
3,688
377,412
(100%)

25. The largest terrestrial seas are:
1. The largest terrestrial seas are:
2. Philippine Sea – 5.695 million km2
3. Coral Sea – 4.791 million km2
4. American Mediterranean Sea – 4.200 million km2
5. Arabian Sea – 3.862 million km2
6. Sargasso Sea – 3.5 million km2
7. South China Sea – 3.5 million km2
8. Weddell Sea – 2.8 million km2
9. Caribbean Sea – 2.754 million km2
10. Mediterranean Sea – 2.510 million km2
11. Gulf of Guinea – 2.35 million km2
12. Tasman Sea – 2.3 million km2
13. Bay of Bengal – 2.172 million km2
14. Bering Sea – 2 million km2
15. Sea of Okhotsk – 1.583 million km2
16. Gulf of Mexico – 1.550 million km2
17. Gulf of Alaska – 1.533 million km2
18. Barents Sea – 1.4 million km2
19. Norwegian Sea – 1.383 million km2
20. East China Sea – 1.249 million km2
21. Hudson Bay – 1.23 million km2
22. Greenland Sea – 1.205 million km2
23. Somov Sea – 1.15 million km2
24. Mar de Grau – 1.14 million km2
25. Riiser-Larsen Sea – 1.138 million km2
26. Sea of Japan – 1.05 million km2
27. Argentine Sea – 1 million km2
28. East Siberian Sea – 987,000 km2
29. Lazarev Sea – 929,000 km2
30. Kara Sea – 926,000 km2
31. Scotia Sea – 900,000 km2
32. Labrador Sea – 841,000 km2
33. Andaman Sea – 797,700 km2
34. Laccadive Sea – 786,000 km2
35. Irminger Sea – 780,000 km2
36. Solomon Sea – 720,000 km2
37. Mozambique Channel – 700,000 km2
1. Cosmonauts Sea – 699,000 km2
2. Banda Sea – 695,000 km2
3. Baffin Bay – 689,000 km2
4. Laptev Sea – 662,000 km2
5. Arafura Sea – 650,000 km2
6. Ross Sea – 637,000 km2
7. Chukchi Sea – 620,000 km2
8. Timor Sea – 610,000 km2
9. North Sea – 575,000 km2
10. Bellingshausen Sea – 487,000 km2
11. Beaufort Sea – 476,000 km2
12. Red Sea – 438,000 km2
13. Black Sea – 436,000 km2
14. Gulf of Aden – 410,000 km2
15. Yellow Sea – 380,000 km2
16. Baltic Sea – 377,000 km2
17. Caspian Sea – 371,000 km2
18. Libyan Sea – 350,000 km2
19. Mawson Sea – 333,000 km2
20. Levantine Sea – 320,000 km2
21. Java Sea – 320,000 km2
22. Gulf of Thailand – 320,000 km2
23. Celtic Sea – 300,000 km2
24. Gulf of Carpentaria – 300,000 km2
25. Celebes Sea – 280,000 km2
26. Tyrrhenian Sea – 275,000 km2
27. Sulu Sea – 260,000 km2
28. Cooperation Sea – 258,000 km2
29. Persian Gulf – 251,000 km2
30. Flores Sea – 240,000 km2
31. Gulf of St. Lawrence – 226,000 km2
32. Bay of Biscay – 223,000 km2
33. Aegean Sea – 214,000 km2
34. Gulf of Anadyr – 200,000 km2
35. Molucca Sea – 200,000 km2
36. Oman Sea – 181,000 km2
37. Ionian Sea – 169,000 km2
38. Gulf of California – 160,000 km2
39. Balearic Sea – 150,000 km2
40. Adriatic Sea – 138,000 km2

26. The Indian Ocean basin, as delineated by
FAO Statistical Areas 51, 57 and 58
• Coordinates:”20°S 80°E
type Ocean Primary inflows
Zambezi, Ganges-
Brahmaputra, Indus, Jubba,
and Murray (largest 5)
Catchment area
21,100,000 km2 (8,100,000
sq mi)
• Basin countries
South and Southeast
Asia, Western
Asia, Northeast, East and S
outhern
Africa and Australia Max.
length9,600 km (6,000 mi)
(Antarctica to Bay of
Bengal)Max.
width7,600 km (4,700 mi)
(Africa to Australia)Surface
area70,560,000 km2 (27,24
0,000 sq mi)Average
depth3,741 m
(12,274 ft)Max.
depth7,290 m (23,920 ft)
(Java Trench)Shore length
66,526 km
(41,337 mi)Islands
Madagascar, Sri
Lanka, Maldives, Reunion, S
eychelles, Mauritius
Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of
the Indian Ocean include
Arabian Sea - 3.862 million km2
Bay of Bengal - 2.172 million km2
Andaman Sea - 797,700 km2
Laccadive Sea - 786,000 km2
Mozambique Channel - 700,000 km2
Timor Sea - 610,000 km2
Red Sea - 438,000 km2
Gulf of Aden - 410,000 km2
Persian Gulf - 251,000 km2
Flores Sea - 240,000 km2
Molucca Sea - 200,000 km2
Oman Sea - 181,000 km2
Great Australian Bight - 45,926 km2
Gulf of Aqaba - 239 km2
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Suez
Rivers: The Indian drainage basin covers 21,100,000 km2 (8,100,000 sq mi), virtually identical to that of the
Pacific Ocean and half that of the Atlantic basin, or 30% of its ocean surface (compared to 15% for the Pacific).
The Indian Ocean drainage basin is divided into roughly 800 individual basins, half that of the Pacific, of which
50% are located in Asia, 30% in Africa, and 20% in Australasia. The rivers of the Indian Ocean are shorter on
average (740 km (460 mi)) than those of the other major oceans. The largest rivers are (order 5)
the Zambezi, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Indus, Jubba, and Murray rivers and (order 4) the Shatt al-Arab, Wadi Ad
Dawasir (a dried-out river system on the Arabian Peninsula) and Limpopo rivers.[17] After the breakup of
East Gondwana and the formation of the Himalayas, the Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers flow into the world's largest
delta known as the Bengal delta or Sunderbans

27. Countries bordering Indian Ocean
• The countries are
1. India(Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean)
2. Sri lanka(Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal,Park Strait,Gulf of Mannar)
3. Maldives(Indian Ocean)
4. Thailand(Bay of Bengal )
5. Bangladesh(Bay of Bengal)
6. Myanmar(Bay of Bengal)
7. Pakistan(Arabian Sea)
8. Malaysia(Bay of Bengal,Andaman Sea)
9. Singapore(Andaman Sea)
10. Indonesia(Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea)
11. Timor Leste(Timor Sea,Indian Ocean )
12. Australia(Indian Ocean )
13. Iran(Gulf of Persia, Arabian Sea)
14. Iraq(Gulf of Persia)
15. Kuwait(Gulf of Persia)
16. Saudi Arabia(Gulf of Persian, Red Sea)
17. Qatar(Gulf of Persia)
18. Bahrain(Gulf of Persia )
19. United Arab Emirates(Gulf of Persia,Arabian Sea )
20. Oman(Arabian Sea )
21. Yemen(Arabian Sea)
22. Egypt(Red Sea)
23. Sudan(Red Sea)
24. Eritrea(Red Sea)
25. Somalia Republic(Arabian Sea )
26. Kenya(Indian Ocean )
27. Tanzania(Indian Ocean )
28. Mozambique(Indian Ocean )
29. South Africa(Indian Ocean )
30. Madagascar(Indian Ocean )
31. Seychelles(Indian Ocean)

28. REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD CAPTURE FISHERIES
AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

29. Power Input or capacity of motorised and non motorised
fishing vessels by length class and fishing sector

31. Global reconstructed catches by major
ocean basins

32. Fisheries Subsidies
• Over USD 3.2 billion in annual fisheries subsidies were provided to
Indian Ocean fisheries in 2018. Just under USD 2 billion (61%) were
harmful, USD 1 billion (33%) were beneficial and about USD 190
million (6%) were ambiguous subsidies.
• Fisheries subsidies were provided by both IOR countries and DWF
countries, with the former accounting for approximately 92% (USD
2.9 billion) of total subsidies.
• Of the subsidies provided by IOR countries, 60% were harmful,
34% beneficial and 6% ambiguous, while 73% of the USD 260
million fisheries subsidies provided by DWF countries were
harmful, 24% were beneficial and 3% were ambiguous.
• More than 20% of IOR countries’ subsidies went towards fisheries
management, i.e., a beneficial subsidy type. Conversely, almost
35% of the DWF subsidies provided for Indian Ocean fishing were
in the form of harmful fuel subsidies

33. Biodiversity of the Indian Ocean
• Of Earth's 36 biodiversity hotspot nine (or 25%) are located on the margins of the Indian
Ocean.
• Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to
right)Madagascar and the islands of the western Indian Ocean (Comoros, Réunion,
Mauritius, Rodrigues, the Seychelles, and Socotra), includes 13,000 (11,600 endemic)
species of plants; 313 (183) birds; reptiles 381 (367); 164 (97) freshwater fishes; 250 (249)
amphibians; and 200 (192) mammals
• Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (MPA); 8,100 (1,900 endemic) species of plants; 541 (0)
birds; 205 (36) reptiles; 73 (20) freshwater fishes; 73 (11) amphibians; and 197 (3) mammals.
• Mammalian megafauna once widespread in the MPA was driven to near extinction in the
early 20th century. Some species have been successfully recovered since then — the
population of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) increased from less than 20
individuals in 1895 to more than 17,000 as of 2013. Other species still depend on fenced
areas and management programs, including black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis
minor), African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), cheetah (Acynonix jubatus), elephant (Loxodonta
africana), and lion (Panthera leo).
• Coastal forests of eastern Africa; 4,000 (1,750 endemic) species of plants; 636 (12) birds; 250
(54) reptiles; 219 (32) freshwater fishes; 95 (10) amphibians; and 236 (7) mammals.
• This biodiversity hotspot (and namesake ecoregion and "Endemic Bird Area") is a patchwork
of small forested areas, often with a unique assemblage of species within each, located
within 200 km (120 mi) from the coast and covering a total area of c.
6,200 km2 (2,400 sq mi). It also encompasses coastal islands, including Zanzibar and Pemba,
and Mafia.

34. Cont..
• Horn of Africa; 5,000 (2,750 endemic) species of
plants; 704 (25) birds; 284 (93) reptiles; 100 (10)
freshwater fishes; 30 (6) amphibians; and 189
(18) mammals.Coral reefs of the Maldives
• This area, one of the only two hotspots that are
entirely arid, includes the Ethiopian Highlands,
the East African Rift valley, the Socotra islands, as
well as some small islands in the Red Sea and
areas on the southern Arabic Peninsula. Endemic
and threatened mammals include
the dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei) and Speke's
gazelle (Gazella spekei); the Somali wild
ass (Equus africanus somaliensis) and hamadryas
baboon (Papio hamadryas). It also contains many
reptiles. In Somalia, the centre of the
1,500,000 km2 (580,000 sq mi) hotspot, the
landscape is dominated by Acacia-
Commiphora deciduous bushland, but also
includes the Yeheb nut (Cordeauxia edulus) and
species discovered more recently such as the
Somali cyclamen (Cyclamen somalense), the only
cyclamen outside the Mediterranean.
Warsangli linnet (Carduelis johannis) is an
endemic bird found only in northern Somalia.
An unstable political situation and
mismanagement has resulted in overgrazing
which has produced one of the most
degraded hotspots where only c. 5 % of the
original habitat remains.
The Western Ghats–Sri Lanka; 5,916 (3,049
endemic) species of plants; 457 (35) birds;
265 (176) reptiles; 191 (139) freshwater
fishes; 204 (156) amphibians; and 143 (27)
mammals.
Encompassing the west coast of India and Sri
Lanka, until c. 10,000 years ago a landbridge
connected Sri Lanka to the Indian
Subcontinent, hence this region shares a
common community of species.
Indo-Burma; 13.500 (7,000 endemic) species
of plants; 1,277 (73) birds; 518 (204) reptiles;
1,262 (553) freshwater fishes; 328 (193)
amphibians; and 401 (100) mammals.
Aldabra giant tortoise from the islands of
the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles

35. Cont...
• Indo-Burma encompasses a series of mountain ranges, five of Asia's largest river systems,
and a wide range of habitats. The region has a long and complex geological history, and long
periods rising sea levels and glaciations have isolated ecosystems and thus promoted a high
degree of endemism and speciation. The region includes two centres of endemism:
the Annamite Mountains and the northern highlands on the China-Vietnam
border.[56] Several distinct floristic regions, the Indian, Malesian, Sino-Himalayan, and
Indochinese regions, meet in a unique way in Indo-Burma and the hotspot contains an
estimated 15,000–25,000 species of vascular plants, many of them endemic.
• Sundaland; 25,000 (15,000 endemic) species of plants; 771 (146) birds; 449 (244) reptiles;
950 (350) freshwater fishes; 258 (210) amphibians; and 397 (219) mammals.
• Sundaland encompasses 17,000 islands of which Borneo and Sumatra are the largest.
Endangered mammals include the Bornean and Sumatran orangutans, the proboscis
monkey, and the Javan and Sumatran rhinoceroses.[
• Wallacea; 10,000 (1,500 endemic) species of plants; 650 (265) birds; 222 (99) reptiles; 250
(50) freshwater fishes; 49 (33) amphibians; and 244 (144) mammals.
• Southwest Australia; 5,571 (2,948 endemic) species of plants; 285 (10) birds; 177 (27)
reptiles; 20 (10) freshwater fishes; 32 (22) amphibians; and 55 (13) mammals.
• Stretching from Shark Bay to Israelite Bay and isolated by the arid Nullarbor Plain, the
southwestern corner of Australia is a floristic region with a stable climate in which one of the
world's largest floral biodiversity and an 80% endemism has evolved. From June to
September it is an explosion of colours and the Wildflower Festival in Perth in September
attracts more than half a million visitors

36. Endangered and vulnerable
marine mammals and turtles
• 80% of the Indian Ocean is open
ocean and includes nine large
marine ecosystems: the Agulhas
Current, Somali Coastal
Current, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay
of Bengal, Gulf of Thailand, West
Central Australian Shelf, Northwest
Australian Shelf and Southwest
Australian Shelf. Coral reefs cover c.
200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi). The
coasts of the Indian Ocean includes
beaches and intertidal zones
covering 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi)
and 246
larger estuaries. Upwelling areas
are small but important. The
hypersaline salterns in India covers
between 5,000–10,000 km2 (1,900–
3,900 sq mi) and species adapted
for this environment, such
as Artemia salina and Dunaliella
salina, are important to bird life.

37. The IORA Secretariat has identified the following six priority
pillars in the blue economy
• The IORA Secretariat has identified the following six
priority pillars in the blue economy as were
recommended by the Council of Ministers’ meeting
(COMM) and revised by the Secretariat in
consultation with Member States:
• Fisheries and Aquaculture
• Renewable Ocean Energy
• Seaports and Shipping
• Offshore Hydrocarbons and Seabed Minerals
• Marine Biotechnology, Research and Development
• Tourism

38. Objective of the proposal is to minimize the waste generation on land, thereby
reducing the amount of plastic waste that enters the rivers and oceans
The overarching objective of the proposal is to minimize the waste generation on land, thereby
reducing the amount of plastic waste that enters the rivers and oceans. For this purpose, the
specific objectives of the proposal are to:
• Support projects on policy advice, capacity building, technological cooperation and
investments;
• Develop and implement strategies to reduce the amount of waste and thus plastic waste;
• Develop marine debris strategy framework directive that ranges from land based via
waterway-based (rivers) to sea-based (fishing activities/ghost net) pollution sources.
• Promote the international exchange of knowledge and experiences in waste management,
circular economy and marine litter;
• Initiate the implementation of pilot projects to develop the capacities of Member States;
• Enhance collaboration with the Dialogue Partners in combatting marine pollution;
• Explore the possibility of implementing an IORA Initiative to combat the marine plastic
contamination in the region; and
• Develop an IORA Framework on Combatting Marine Debris, supported by a list of projects
recommended by Member States.
• Exchange information and share knowledge to design and develop a tool for the monitoring
of marine debris and its impact to the ocean.
• Strengthen the cooperation and community development in a reuse-reduce-recycle initiative

39. References
• https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys
/an.htm
• https://www.iora.int/en/priorities-focus-
areas/blue-economy
• https://www.fao.org/3/cc0461en/online/sofia/2022
/world-fisheries-aquaculture-production.html