This presentation is mapping the migratory routes to Europe, details their characteristics and briefs the ongoing changes in the political-, economic and social sphere. Though many people think that migration towards Europe is a recent phenomenon, it have been lasting – with diverse intensity – for centuries now, even its main tracks remained almost the same. There are routes that are crowded with migrants at one year and – due to European border authorities’ counter-measurements – are empty a few months later.Considering the adaptability of these migratory routes, detecting, tracking and detailing themare a significant challenge, although, in order to manage the recent crisis,analysis and the appropriate use of the information on migratory routes are essential. This motivated me to briefly delineate the main paths used by the illegal migrants on their ways to Europe. This paper however, do not elaborate on the movements within the EU and the ways connecting the member countries.

1. 2018. 09. 29.
Migration towards Europe and
Migratory routes
DR. BESENYŐ JÁNOS

2. Content
 Migration pressure, push- and pull factors
 Introduce the migratory routes
 Number of arrivals, issuing countries;
 The importance of collection points, refugee camps;
 The impact of human smuggling;
 Border protection measures, changing of the migratory routes
 Migration challenges
 Terrorism
 Question of integration, cultural challenges
 Health Challenges
 Possible future

3. Migration push and pull factors
 Significant increase of the legal and illegal migration
from1990.
 Reasons:
 Instable states, civil war, terrorist organizations
 Economic migration, better job opportunities and living
conditions in Europe
 Education and humanitarian rights
 Health challenges – Africa
 Environmental challenges
 Smuggling
 Well organized Muslim communities
 Russian foreign policy The number of migrants is 1960-2013, Source: Institute for the Study of Labor
(2013): Immigration in Europe: Trends, Policies and Empirical Evidence

4. Afghanistan, Arab Spring (2010-)
Situation of Syria, Iraq and Yemen (2011-)

5. Terrororganizations and civil wars in
Africa
Ethiopia, Libya, Congo DR, Rwanda, Sudan, South – Sudan,
Eritrea
Chad, Nigeria, Mali, Morocco – Western Sahara

6. Migratory Routes

7. Western and Central African
Route
 Traditionally it served as a commercial route
 gold, cooper, salt, slaves, ivory
 Three main and other lover roads
 Issuing countries
 Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkina
Faso, Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Nigeria,
Cameroon and Chad
 Tamanrasset, Agadez, Gao, Nouadhibou and
Oujda: collecting points, some of the immigrants
stay here to work and collecting money for the
route.
 2-3000 USD
 Dangers to cross the Sahara smuggling groups,
environmental conditions (drying), terrorist
organisations (AQIM, Mujao, Ansar al-Dine)
 Importance of the Libyan ports (Tripoli)
 Risks of sea crossing  „dinghies” - smugglers

8. Western and Central African
route

9. Western Mediterranean
Route Issuing countries
 Senegal, Mauritania, Tunisia, Guinea, Mali,
Cameroon, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Benin
 Last years: Eritrea, Somalia, Syria and Afghanistan.
 Targeted areas:
 Ceuta and Mellila (Spanish)
 Ports of Almeria and Algeciras to Spain (directly)
 Trough Morocco and Western Sahara to Canary
Inland (lack of central control  easier passage)
 The United Nations has repeatedly called on Polisario's leadership to prevent the flow of illegal
migrants, with little success.
 Humanitarian considerations: UNHCR, UNSC reports
 Physical violence and abuse
 Border restrictions
 Spain: 2006 – Frontex „Joint Operation Hera”, Operation Seahorse Atlantic  There is a
decreasing number of refugees coming to the Canary Islands, importance of Ceuta and Mellila
radically increases.
 2005: Ceuta „crisis reinforcing the walls
Number of illegal immigrants in Canary Inland, 2006-2015, Alessandro Lanni
(2016): A political laboratory: how Spain closed the borders to refugees

10. Western Mediterranean Route

11. Central Mediterranean Route
 Through Libya via the Mediterranean to Malta and Italy: 60% of all illegal
immigrants
 On an annual basis, 65,000 to 120,000 African migrants arrive in these
countries, of whom 20 to 38% continue their journey to Europe, the others
remain in North Africa (mainly in Libya)
 Libya has long been livelihood for a long time, collection points have emerged
(weak international control)because the instability, the activity of terrorist
organizations and smuggling groups on the beach increased.
 2010: „Arab Spring”
 Reaction: Operation „Mare Nostrum”
 2013: EUBAM Libya
 2014: Frontex Triton
 2015: EUNAVFOR Med

12. Central Mediterranean route

13. The Lampedusa catastrophe,
the risks of crossing the sea
 Every 1000 migrants arriving at sea 30 are losing their lives during
the crossing;
 In October 2013, more than 360 migrants in Lampedusa lost their
lives in coastal waters when the engine of the smuggling ship fired.
 Reaction: EU, operations by Frontex
 Current trends: there are still many human sacrifices
 In April 2015, 900 people drowned in the sea on a weekend

15. Eastern African Route
 From Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, through Sudan, Egypt and
Libya to Europe.
 Agreement between Ethiopia and Sudan: Migrants from Ethiopia can use
a tourist visa for a stay of two months. It is estimated that 50 to 100
Ethiopian migrants per day pass through the Ethiopian-Sudan border.
 Much of the migrants can spend months or even years in UN refugee
camps in Sudan.
 Darfur after the genocide again became a gathering place for
smuggling groups.
 Libya: city of Kufra (Khartoum - Kufra route, The challenges of Sahara
and the presence of human smuggling)
 Egyipt: Jaghbub border cross point toward Libya
 Costs: 1000 USD for crossing the mainland and a further 1000-2500
USD the pass of Mediterranean.
 It is expected that the importance of the route will increase.

16. Eastern African Route

17. Apulia (Puglia) – Calabria Route
 From Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Syria trough Egyipt and
Turkey towards Italy and Greece.
 Using the sea routes from Greece through the regions of Apulia and Calabria
towards Italy;
 From Montenegro and Albania through the Strait of Otranto.
 Situation of refugee camps in Turkey (Syrian refugees)
 Egyptian smugglers: distribution of migrants from the mother ship to
fishing boats.
 The presence of Islamic State's units specializing in smuggling
 Cost: 6700 USD

18. Apulia (Puglia)
Calabria Route

19. Western Balkan Route
 The third largest traffic route, from Turkey and the Western Balkans
to Germany
 Countries of origin :
 West Balkan (Albania, Serbia, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Kosovo,
Macedonia, and Montenegro)
 Turkey, Syria
 Border restrictions : 2015 Hungary  the route is changed
(distorted)

20. Western Balkan Route till 2015

21. After the closing of
the Serbian –
Hungarian border
Legend:
Main migration route until the Serb-Hungarian border is closed
Main migration route after the Serbian border was closed
Before the
closing of
the Serbian
– Hungarian
border
September 14.
After the Serbian-
Hungarian border
was closed
October16.
After the Croatian –
Hungarian border was
closed
Legend:
Main migration route till 16. 10. 2015.
Main migration route from 16. 10. 2015.

22. Western Balkan Route from
2016

23. Western Balkan Route

24. East Mediterranean Route
 The second busiest route.
 From Turkey to Greece, Bulgaria and Cyprus
heading to European Union countries.
 Collecting points: Istanbul, Izmir, Edirne, Ankara.
 Situation of the Greek-Turkish and Turkish – Bulgarian
borders.
 Evros region: Operation Aspida to oversee and
protect the border the number of migrants has
decreased (2014), the route went towards the
Turkish-Bulgarian border.
 Bulgaria: Jambol county, border fence: according to
FRONTEX data, the number of illegal migrants
dropped by 84% in the first quarter of 2016.
 Those arriving from East and West African countries
will pay between € 2-3,000 and North Africans may pay
between 1000 and 1,500 euros for the route between
Turkey and Greece, and to Italy for another € 2500-
3000.

25. Eastern Mediterranean Route

26. East Mediterranean Route

27. The EU-Turkey Agreement
 November 29, 2015 action plan.
 With the EU's € 3 billion financial support, the EU
leaders offered to speed up the process of visa-
free travel of the Turks started in 2013
 Turkey has undertaken that all migrants who are
not in need of international protection who have
been arrived from Turkey to Greece, send back to
Turkey and all the illegal immigrants caught in
Turkish territorial waters taking back. and to
amend the legislation on combating terrorism.
 BUT!: Ankara has failed to fulfill all the conditions
imposed by the EU  visa liberalization stopped
 Since the conclusion of the EU-Turkish agreement,
15,000 migrants have arrived through the Aegean
Sea to the Greek Islands, but only 580 of them
returned to Turkey.

28. Route across the eastern borders
 From Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine mostly Georgian and Ukrainian
asylum seekers.
 From Ukraine – through Kiev and Uzsgorod to Hungary,
Slovakia, Poland and Germany.
 Russian-Ukrainian conflict imprint.

29. Conclusion
 Distant security challenges
 Asymmetric threats, migration, cross-border crime,
the spread of terrorist organizations, the collapsed
relationship between Russia and the Baltic…
 Border protection with temporary technical limit
 Aim: to prevent illegal activity, to control the
movement of masses, and to protect the law.
 The efficiency of the technical lock can be
increased with the installed multi-section wire fence,
camera systems and live patrol.

30. Biography
 Besenyő János: Fences and Border Protection: The Question of
Establishing Technical Barriers in Europe, ACADEMIC AND
APPLIED RESEARCH IN MILITARY AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
SCIENCE (ISSN: 2498-5392) Vol 16, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 77-87.
http://uni-nke.hu/uploads/media_items/aarms-2017-1-07-besenyo.origina
 János Besenyő: The Islamic State and its human trafficking
practice, Strategic Impact (Romania) No. 3/2016: (60) pp. 15-21.
(2016), http://cssas.unap.ro/en/pdf_periodicals/si60.swf
 János Besenyő: Security preconditions: Understanding migratory
routes, Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, (2016,
September) Volume 6, Number 1, pp. 5–26. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2016.6.1(1)

31. Thanks your kind attention!
Questions?