3. WHY AFRICA?
The past: colonization;
continuous conflicts;
Poverty, migration;
African mineral treasure, economical possibilities, raw
material dependency, arable land and water;
Interest of Super powers (USA, Russia, China, EU), and
regional powers (Turkey, India, Brazil), rivalisation, „second
scramble for Africa;
EU-NATO Security Strategy;
EU-NATO African Strategy;
Interest of Hungary.
4.
5. AFRICA AND HUNGARY
Cold War area – strong Hungarian presence in the continent (Algerie, Libya,
Angola, Mozambique, Ghana, Nigeria, etc.);
1988 – 1989: first request from UN - agreement (Namibia, Angola,
Mozambique, etc.), success – support from government and political parties,
find a way, common interests;
From 1990: active participation in UN peacekeeping missions, more
responsibilities, higher positions in the mission areas (MINURSO/Western
Sahara: Major General Száraz György, UNMOGIP/Kashmir: Major General
Bali József) and in New York HQ;
1994-2000: depreciation of Africa in the Hungarian foreign politics, more
cooperation with NATO and EU;
Withdraw from African missions, except MINURSO;
From 2003: EU interests in Africa, take part in various missions, push the
new members (included Hungary) to participate, „second scramble for Africa,”
No African policy in Hungary but join to the EU missions;
Revives interest towards the continent, formatting a new African policy,
6. NAMÍBIA/UNTAG
United Nations Transition Assistance Group/UNTAG ( Between
April1989 – March 1990)
Mandate:
to assist the Special Representative of the Secretary-General to
ensure the early independence of Namibia through free and fair
elections under the supervision and control of the United Nations.
To convince that all hostile acts were ended;
troops were confined to base, and, in the case of the South
Africans, ultimately withdrawn from Namibia;
all discriminatory laws were repealed, political prisoners were
released, Namibian refugees were permitted to return, intimidation
of any kind was prevented, law and order were impartially
maintained.
Number of participants: 25 police officers and NCO’s
7. ANGOLA/UNAVEM II.
United Nations ANGOLA Verification Mission (UNAVEM-II) -
Between June 1991 and February 1995
Mandate:
Compliance with peace treaty
Cease Fire Supervision
Supervision of Angolan police
Election monitoring and results authentication
Mediation between the opposing parties
Number of participants: 42 military and police officers and
NCO’s
8. MOZAMBIQUE/ONUMOZ
United Nations Operations in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) - December
1992 to December 1994
Mandate:
Enforcement, monitoring the ceasefire signed by the government
and RENAMO
Monitoring and support the withdrawal of foreign troops
Disarmament and weapon collection of various armed groups
Ensure the operation of United Nations and other international
organizations
To help rebuild the infrastructure
Participation in the conduct of elections
Coordination of humanitarian activities, refugees
Number of participants: 52 military and police officers and NCO’s
9. LIBERIA/UNOMIL
The United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) between
September 1993 and September 1997
Mandate:
Enforcement of Cotonou agreement
Supervision of cease fire + ECOWAS support
Participation of the disarmament and demobilization process
Border police duties, elimination of smuggling
ECOMOG support, explosive ordnance disposal activities
Facilitate the work of the UN and other humanitarian organizations
Arranging and conducting the elections
Number of participants: Colonel Laszlo Forgacs, military advisor
10. UGANDA-RUANDA/UNOMUR
The United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR)
between June 1993 to September 1994
Mandate:
Border mission
Observation Hutu-Tutsi armed groups
Reducing smuggling, and arms trafficking
Prevent hostilities
Confidence-building activities
Conclusion and participation of the Arusha Peace Agreement
Number of participants: 4 military officers
11. ANGOLA/UNAVEM III.
United Nations ANGOLA Verification Mission (UNAVEM-III)
-1995 between February and June 1997
Mandate:
Enforcement of The Lusaka Agreement
Cease Fire Supervision
Assisting the construction of government administration
Transformation of UNITA armed group to political party
Dismantling and disarmament of the armed groups and the
civilian population - DDR programs
Number of participants: around 20 military and police
officers and NCO’s
12. ANGOLA/MONUA
United Nations Observer Missions in ANGOLA (MONUA)
Between June 30th 1997 and February 26th 1999
Mandate:
Control of the state government's reconstruction
To support and monitor the UNITA departments merge into the new
government, the police forces, and the civilian life
Provisions of the ceasefire agreement, monitoring, enforcement
Weapons gathering and destruction
Ensure the human rights of the population, development of the civil
society, support and develop the operation of a variety of non-
governmental organizations
Support the work of humanitarian organizations to coordinate aid for
the ones needed
Number of participants: 26 military and police officers and NCO’s
13. WESTERN-
SAHARA/MINURSO
United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
(MINURSO) from 1991 to the present day
Mandate:
Ceasefire monitoring, demonstration of the presence of the United
Nations,
Registering ceasefire violations between Moroccan forces and the
Polisario Front
Monitoring number of armed groups, dislocation and any changes
Positioning mines, grenades and other explosives, inform the parties
of the coordinates
Developing and maintaining good relations between the opposing
parties
Number of participants: 6 people as a change quota – 128 military
officer and 25 police officers and NCO’s
14. SIERRA LEONE/UNAMSIL
The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone/UNAMSIL (from October 1999 – 2006)
Mandate:
To cooperate with the Government of Sierra Leone and the other parties to the Peace
Agreement in the implementation of the Agreement and monitor the ceasefire;
To assist the Government of Sierra Leone in the implementation of the disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration plan and provide security in and at all sites of DDR
programme, and guard weapons, ammunition and other military equipment collected from
ex-combatants and to assists in their subsequent disposal or destruction;
To encourage the parties to create confidence-building mechanisms and support their
functioning;
To support the operations of United Nations civilian officials, including the Special
Representative of the Secretary-General and his staff, human rights officers and civil affairs
officers, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel;
To provide security at key locations and Government buildings, in particular in Freetown,
important intersections and major airports, including Lungi airport;
To facilitate the free flow of people, goods and humanitarian assistance along specified
thoroughfares;
Number of participants: 1 police officer, Captain Zoltán Varga
15. IVORY COAST/ONUCI
United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire/ONUCI (from April 2004 – June 2017)
Mandate:
to protect the civilian population from threat of physical violence and work closely
with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and with
respect to the return of displaced persons;
to provide, by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, good offices
and political support for the efforts of the Ivorian authorities;
to address remaining security threats and border-related challenges;
to take part in the Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration program (DDR)
and collection of weapons and monitor the arms embargo;
to assist in the reconstitution and reform of security institutions;
to support for compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law;
to Support humanitarian assistance;
to protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the
security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel.
Number of participants: 1 police officer, Captain Ferenc Less
16. CONGO/OPERATION
ARTEMIS
European Union Force (EUFOR) Democratic Republic of the
Congo/Operation ARTEMIS between June 7 2003 to September
12 2003
Mandate:
Accordance with the United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1484, and the EU BT 2003/432/CFSP no.
resolution
Ituri province (Bunia) providing stability with a limited military
operation, secure airport
Support of MONUC's activities
Perform security tasks (resolving conflict of Hema-Lendu)
Humanitarian activities, protection of refugees from Bunia
Number of participants: 1Staff Officer, Lt. Colonel János
Tomolya (Operations Headquarters in Paris)
17. SUDAN-DARFUR/EU SUPPORT TO
AMIS
EU Support Operation to AMIS (between June 2005 and
December 2007)
Mandate:
Operate and support AMIS II operation (taking into account the
African "ownership")
Training African soldiers / specialized training
Organization and arrangement of tactical and strategic
transport
Logistical support, consultation - Advisory Group
Police assistance
Participation in humanitarian programs
Number of participants: 2 military officers (Major Ferenc Kajári
and Captain János Besenyő)
18. CONGO/EUSEC CONGO
EU Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (from June 2005 to May 2015)
Mandate:
The support of Congolese government
To promote safety and cooperation for the countries of the
African Great Lakes region
Administrative and financial support for the military reform -
Defence Sector transformation
Cooperation of EUPOL Congo RD Mission
Humanitarian activities
Number of participants: 11 Armyf officers (Kinshasa and
Bukavu)
19. CONGO/EUFOR RD CONGO
The EU Military Mission in Congo/EUFOR RD Congo (from July
2006 to November 2006
Mandate:
Accordance with the United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1671. ensure and help to organize the Congolese
elections
Support of MONUC's activities
The support of Congolese and Gabonese government
Performance of safety functions
humanitarian Activities
Number of participants: 3 military officers (Potsdam -
Operations Command)
20. CHAD/EUFOR CHAD
The EU's Chad / Central African Peace Operations (EUFOR
CHAD / RCA (from March 2008 to March 2009)
Mandate:
Guaranteeing regional security, cooperation with - the United
Nations, Chad, the Central African Republic and Sudan
government bodies
Continue patrols activity
Protection of the civilian population and residents of refugee
camps, ensuring the homecoming
The delivery of humanitarian relief supplies
Ensure the safety of international civilians
Number of participants: 4 military officers (Paris)
21. SOMALI/EU NAVFOR
ATALANTA
EU NAVFOR Atalanta/EU Naval Operation in the Somali Republic
(from December 2008 – October 2011)
Mandate:
Support for EU common defense and security policy
The fight against pirates, securing trade routes, defense of
"civilian" ships
Escorting WFP and other humanitarian convoys
Support for AMISOM operations
Oversee the fishing in Somalian rivers
Number of participants: 2 military NCO’s
22. SOMALI/EUTM SOMALIA
EU Training Mission Somalia/EUTM SOMALIA (from April 2010 -
continuously)
Mandate:
Participation in the implementation of the Djibouti Agreement
Support for the Transitional Government and government
agencies
Support Uganda - regional stability
Facilitate the operation of AMISOM
Somali government soldier training, preparation according to
the UN Security Council Resolution 1872.
Number of participants: 46 military officers and NCO’s
23. LIBYA/EUFOR LIBYA
EU military operation in support of humanitarian assistance
operations in Libya/EUFOR LIBYA (from April 2011 – November
2011)
Mandate:
contribute to the safe movement and evacuation of displaced
persons,
support, with specific capabilities, the humanitarian agencies
in their activities.
Planning and conduct of the operation shall be carried out in
close cooperation and complementarity with the OCHA,
which is coordinating the overall humanitarian response, the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and other actors
Number of participants: 2 military officers (Lt. Colonel Tamás
Bognár, Lieutenant Zita Makrai)
24. LIBYA/NATO OUP
NATO Operation Unified Protector Libya/NATO OUP
LIBYA (from August 2011 – November 2011)
Mandate:
to grant arms embargo;
to maintain a no-fly-zone;
to make actions to protect civilians from attack or the
threat of attack;
Humanitarian assistance
Number of participants: 2 military officers (Captain
Dezső Tóth and Captain Attila Dajka)
25. MALI/MINUSMA
Mission Multidimensionelle Intégrée des Nations Unis pour la Stabilisation au
Mali/MINUSMA (from April 2013. – continuously)
Mandate:
to support the implementation of the Peace Agreement;
to support the implementation of the Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali,
including support to the implementation of the political and institutional reforms
provided for by the Agreement;
to provide Good offices, confidence-building and facilitation at the national and local
levels;
to protect without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Malian authorities, of
civilians under imminent threat of physical violence and specific protection for women
and children affected by armed conflict;
to assist the Malian authorities in their efforts to promote and protect human rights;
to support the Malian authorities, contributing to the creation of a secure environment
for the safe, civilian-led delivery of humanitarian assistance;
To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment and ensuring the
safety, security and freedom of movement of United Nations and associated
personnel;
26. MALI/EUTM MALI
EU Training Mission MALI/EUTM MALI (from October 2012 –
continuously)
27 European countries, Headquarters in Bamako, but number of training
places in the country side.
Planned: 15 months, 12.3 million Euros, almost 500 people (providing
training and mission security staff)
Mandate:
Restore constitutional and democratic order in Mali through the
implementation of a credible and consensual road map which foresees
free, transparent and fair elections in 2013 and a framework for
negotiations with armed groups rejecting terrorism
Re-establish the state’s authority throughout the country and redeploy
it effectively in a context of peace and reconciliation between
communities while respecting the rule of law and human rights
Neutralize organized crime and terrorist threats
27. EUAVSEC South Sudan
EU Aviation Security South Sudan/EUAVSEC South Sudan
(from 2012-2014)
The mission responds to South Sudan's request for an EU
support to strengthening security at Juba International Airport,
as part of the international community’s overall assistance to
the country.
Mandate:
to assist and advise South Sudan to establish the aviation
security organization at the Ministry of Transport and to
strengthen aviation security at Juba International Airport.
train and mentor security services,
provide advice and assistance on aviation security,
support the coordination of security activities related to
aviation.
28. CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/EUFOR
RCA
European Union Military Operation in the Central African
Republic/EUFOR RCA (January 2014 – March 2015)
Mandate:
To provided temporary support in achieving a safe and secure
environment in the Bangui area, with a view to handing over to
African partners;
to protect the populations most at risk;
to create the conditions for providing humanitarian aid/humanitarian
assistance.
to provide help to AU led peacekeeping mission (African-led
International Support Mission to the Central African
Republic/MISCA) and UN led mission (UN Integrated Peacebuilding
Office in the Central African Republic/BINUCA)
The mission incorporated in the MINUSCA (March 2015)
Number of participants: 6 military officers
29. CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC/MINUSCA
United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central
African Republic/MINUSCA (from April 2014 – continuously)
Mandate:
to protect the civilians;
to provide good offices and support to the peace process, including national
reconciliation, social cohesion and transitional justice;
to facilitate the creation of a secure environment for the immediate, full, safe
and unhindered delivery of humanitarian assistance;
to protect the United Nations personnel, installations, equipment and goods and
ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations and
associated personnel;
to support for the extension of State authority, the deployment of security
forces, and the preservation of territorial integrity;
To assist in the Security Sector Reform (SSR) and the Disarmament,
Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) and Repatriation (DDRR);
To protect the human rights.
Number of participants: 21 military officers
30. EUNAVFOR Atalanta
Somalia – pers.: 2
EUTM SOMALIA
Somalia – pers.: 46
EUTM MALI
Mali – pers.: 46
Total of personnel: 464
EUFOR LIBYA
Libya – pers.: 2
NATO OUP LIBYA
Libya – pers.: 2
EUAVSEC
South Sudan – pers.:2
36. TRAINING - EDUCATION
experiences and the new methods gained during the operations - change
the attitude of the Hungarian Defence Forces and on long-term flexibly
transformed its training system
Language training
- Arabic, French
- English (making useable)
- "intermediary" or African languages (Swahili, Hausa, Zulu)
Processing and utilizing knowledge and experience gained in Africa
IT training
Mission-specific training
- Country Study, Operation Environment
- Cultural Knowledge, Human Terrain
TEACHERS - TRAINERS!!!
37. MEDICAL
Malaria
HIV/AIDS
Water- and food-borne illnesses
- Cholera, Hepatitis, Polio
Other tropical diseases
- Yellow fever, Hepatitis B, Schistosomiasis, Filiariasis,
Rift Valley fever, Sleeping sickness, Worm diseases,
Fungal infection, Viral meningitis, Snakes and other
poisonous animals
Mental illnesses
Question of Conditioning and Leave!!!
38. OTHER
Benefits and employment allowance
Clothing
Communication technology and equipment
Family support system
39. SUGGESTIONS
Language training courses
Country and conflict analysis with the involvement of those
who have already served in Africa, and the preparation of
training materials
Create a BOK (body of knowledge) with the participation of
governmental and non-governmental organizations,
universities and “civilian” researchers
Change and reorganize salary control module of the
peacekeeping service (increase the stipend)
Establish a proper and working Family Support System in
the HDF
40. RESULTS - PLANS
to set up the Hungarian Defence Forces General Staff Scientific
Research Centre
Stronger cooperation with outsider researchers and trainee’s
Published documents: Country Study of Somalia (2. edition),
Country Study of Chad, Country Study of Democratic Republic of
Congo, Country Study of Libya, Country Study of Egypt (2.
edition), Country Study of Mali, Country Study of Central African
Republic (Hungarian and French versions), Country Study of
Morocco and Western Sahara, African separatist and terrorist
organizations, Forecast of Hungarian Defence Forces in 2020,
and other two conference paper (Mediterranean and Africa)
Planned documents to publish: Country Study of Ethiopia,
Country Study of Zimbabwe, Country Study of Tunisia, Country
Study of Nigeria, Hungarian soldiers and police forces in the UN
mission ONUMOZ (Mozambique)
44. REASONS OF THE
CONFLICTS
bad governance, lack of democracy, power
sharing;
Ethnic rivalrization, ethnical – national contrary, no
national identity, heterogeneous society;
Sharing economic and financial resources, land
issue, water, natural resources, food security, etc.;
Deteriorating economic environment, poverty;
Climate changes, drought, desertification;
demographic explosion, overpopulation,
migration;
45. POSSIBLE CONFLICTS I.
Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia (Nile)/ Guinea, Mali, Niger (Niger)/Zambia,
Zimbabwe (Zambezi)/ Senegal, Mauritania (Senegal river)- water
sharing/water conflicts;
Libya: power sharing, ethnic conflicts, oil;
Chad; power sharing, ethnic conflicts, Union des Forces pour la
Democratie et Developpement (UFDD), Rassemblement des Forces pour
la Changement (RFC)
Nigeria; Christian – Muslim contrary (Boko Haram), power sharing, oil,
secession efforts of Niger Delta (Movement for the Emancipation of the
Nigeria Delta – MEND);
Mali; tuareg, power sharing, AQIM;
Niger; Nigeriaen Movement for Justice (MNJ), secession efforts of tuareg,
AQIM;
Ethiopia – region of Ogaden (Ogaden National Liberation Front -Somalia),
border dispute with Eritrea
46. POSIBLE CONFLICTS II.
Democratic Republic of the Congo – ethnic and economic problems,
provinces of Kivu and Ituri, warlords;
Zimbabwe – post time of Mugabe (ZANU-PF), ethnic and economic
problems;
Sudan, South-Sudan – Abyei, oil, contested borders, Christian – Muslim
contrary, ethnic divisions (Dinka, Nuer, etc.) water sharing, power sharing;
Bissau-Guinea – drug trafficking, weak state;
Egypt – Copt - Muslim contrary, radical Islam, terrorism, economic
problems;
Burundi – conflicts between government and Hutu’s lead Forces for
National Liberation (FNL);
Central African Republic: conflicts between government, the Rebel Union
of Democratic Forces of Unity (UFDR), and Rebel Popular Army for the
Restoration of the Republic (APRD), Christian – Muslim contrary;
Further problematics countries: Ivory Coast, Liberia, Guinea, Sierra-
58. EXPECTED PRIORITY
NATO:
Somalia – to support AMISOM, operations against piracy;
Sudan/South-Sudan – to support UNAMID;
to create the African Stabilization Forces and to develop it’s ability;
Libya – to assist stabilization of the country, war against Islam radicals and terrorist
groups, Security Sector Reform (SSR);
Mauritania – to set up the National Operational and Coordination Centre;
EU:
Democratic Republic of Congo – Security Sector Reform (SSR), to support MONUC;
Somalia – Security Sector Reform (SSR), EUTM SOMALIA, EUNAVFOR SOMALIA, to
support AMISOM;
South-Sudan – Security Sector Reform (SSR), to support UNAMID;
Guinea – actions against piracy
UN:
South-Sudan/Sudan: UNAMID
Central African Republic: MINUSCA
Mali: MINUSMA
Other possible operational areas:
Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Chad, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Bissau-
Guinea, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Burundi, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra-Leone, Malawi,
Uganda, Burkina Faso, Senegal
59. BIOGRAPHY
Magyar katonai és rendőri műveletek az afrikai kontinensen 1989-
2019/Participation of Hungary in African Operations between 1989-2019, Óbudai
Egyetem Biztonságtudományi Doktori Iskola, Budapest, 2019, 134 p, ISBN: 978-
963-449-121-7, https://bdi.uni-
obuda.hu/sites/default/files/oldal/csatolmany/dr._besenyo_janos_konyv_teljes_we
b.pdf
János Besenyő: Logistic Experiences: The Case of Darfur-Promoting Peace and
Security in Africa – Finnish Department of Strategic and Defence Studies (2006 –
Series 2 No 35), pp. 41-59.
http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/77169/StratL2_35.pdf?sequence=1
János Besenyő: Hungarian logistics specialist working for UN’s Western Sahara
mission – AARMS (Miklós Zrínyi National Defence University), Volume 7, Issue 1.
2008, pp. 155-156,
https://figshare.com/articles/Hungarian_logistics_specialist_working_for_UN_s_W
estern_Sahara_mission/7015301
János Besenyő: Hungary's contribution to African peacekeeping operations:
Lessons Learned – In: Budapest Africa Forum 2013, Budapest. Ministry of Foreign
Affairs in Hungary, pp. 192-201. ISBN: 978-963-7038-45-7,
60. BIOGRAPHY
János Besenyő: Hungarian Peacekeepers in Africa and a Hungarian
Perspective on the UN Mission in Mozambique - Romanian Military Thinking,
Military theory and Science, Journal of Romanian Armed Forces General Staff,
2011/2, April - June, pp. 174-183.
https://figshare.com/articles/Hungarian_Peacekeepers_in_Africa_and_a_Hunga
rian_Perspective_on_the_UN_Mission_in_Mozambique/7108646
János Besenyő: Peacekeeping mission in Maghreb: The MINURSO –
Tradecraft Review, Periodical of the Military National Security Service, 2012, 1.
Special Issue, pp. 125-144,
https://figshare.com/articles/Peacekeeping_mission_in_Maghreb_The_MINURS
O/7021922
János Besenyő: Hungarian military forces in Africa – past and future.
Recovering lost knowledge, exploiting cultural anthropology resources, creating
a comprehensive system of training and preparation– Études SurLa Région
Méditerranéenne, ISSN: 02388308, Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Újkori
Egyetemes Történeti és Mediterrán Tanulmányok Tanszék, 2013, pp. 145-168,
https://figshare.com/articles/Hungarian_military_forces_in_Africa_past_and_futu
re_Recovering_lost_knowledge_exploiting_cultural_anthropology_resources_cr
Pete Larson: http://peterslarson.com/2011/01/19/african-conflict-and-ethnic-distribution/
George Murdock – Afrika: its peoples and their culture history
