A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o 2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15 t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting at 10 t ha-1

1. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
EFFECTS OF TIME OF APPLICATION AND RATES OF POULTRY MANURE ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.) IN SOUTHERN
GUINEA SAVANNA ECOLOGY OF NIGERIA
1+ 1 2 3
ABDULMALIQ, S.Y ., ISAH, M.K ., BELLO, O.B. AND AHAMOOD, J .
1
IBB University, Dept. of Crop Production, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
3
Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ilorin, Kwara State – Nigeria
+
Corresponding author's email: drsmaliq@gmail.com
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
o
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9
' o ' o o
2 N and 6 34E) and Mokwa (9 8'N and 5 4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
-1)
t ha . The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
-1
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
-1
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha was comparable to 10 t
-1 -1
ha but significantly different from 5 t ha and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
-1
at10 tha
Keywords:Applicationtime,applicationrate,manure,okra,poultry.
Introduction
kra is an important vegetable crop
commonly grown in Nigeria. It is an
oligo purpose crop, but it is usuallyOcultivated and consumed for its green tender fruits
as a vegetable in a variety of ways. Okra fruit is rich
in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other mineral
matters (Camciuc et al., 1981). The mature okra
seed is a good source of oil and protein (Martin and
Ruberte, 1979; Oyelade et al., 2003) and has been
known to have superior nutritional quality. Okra
seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as
linoleic acid (Savello et al., 1980), which is
essentialforhumannutrition.
World production of okra as fresh fruit-
vegetable is estimated at 6 million tons/year. In
West Africa, Okra production is estimated at
500,000 to 600,000 tonnes per year (Burkil, 1997).
In Nigeria, there are two distinct seasons for okra,
the peak and the lean seasons. During the lean
84

2. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
season okra fruits are produced in low quantities,
scarce and expensive to get (Bamire and Oke,
2003). In the peak season, it is produced in large
quantities much more than what the local populace
canconsume (Farindeetal.,2007).
Poultry manure (PM) has been proved to
be a good supplement for chemical fertilizers
(Amanullah et al., 2008). It contains not only N,
but also other elements like P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and
micronutrients (Egrinya et al., 2001 and Mullins et
al., 2002). Approximately 75% of the total N and
majority (90-100%) of the P and K in poultry litter
are available for plant during the year of
application (Hammond et al., 1997). Its
application increases total C and total N in soils,
while the application of nitrogen fertilizer
(inorganic) increased neither carbon nor nitrogen
insoil(DickandChrist,1995).
The application
-1
of poultry manure at 10 t ha was observed to
improve the physical properties of soil
(Ravikumar and Krishna-moorthy, 1975). Soil
physical properties such as bulk density, water
holding capacity and percentage water stable
aggregation were noted to be favouarbly
influenced by poultry waste addition to soil (Weil
and Kroontje, 1977). Mbagwu (1992) reported that
poultry manure significantly decreased bulk
density and increased total and macroporosity,
infiltration capacity and available water capacity.
Mullins et al., (2002) revealed that poultry litter
Poultry manure is rich organic manure
since solid and liquid excreta are excreted together
resulting in no urine loss. In fresh poultry excreta
uric acid or urate is the most abundant nitrogen
compound (40-70 per cent of total N) while urea
and ammonium are present in small amounts
(Krogdahl and Dahlsgard, 1981).
contains a considerable amount of other organic
matter due to the bedding material. Litter can also
have an impact on soil pH and liming due to
varying amounts of calcium carbonate in poultry
feed.
The growing crop demand for nutrient
varies through the growing season, with the
highest uptake associated with the most rapid
growth period. Timing of nutrient application,
therefore, ensures the availability of the nutrient
when the crop needs them. This will also prevent
nutrient losses which can be before and after
periods of crop demand which in the long run
results in waste of resources. Magdoff (1995)
reported the essentiality of the synchrony of plant-
available soil nutrients and crop nutrient demand
for optimum crop performance and environmental
protection.
There is scarcity of information on the time
of poultry manure application to vegetable crops
which include okra despite the fact that the crop is
an important and highly nutritive one, cultivated in
home gardens as well as in mixed-cropping
systems with the application of organic materials.
There is need to determine the right time to apply
the poultry manure in order to boost the growth
and yield of okra.This investigation was therefore,
carried out to study the growth and yield responses
of okra to time of poultry manure application and
the rate required for vigorous growth and yield of
okra..
Materials and Methods
Field experiments were conducted
between July and November, 2013 in two
locations
(Lapai and Mokwa Local Government Areas of
85

4. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Table 1: Selected physical and chemical characteristics of the soil before growing okra at
Lapai and Mokwa in the Southern Guinea Savanna in 2003
___________________________________________________________________________
Parameters Lapai Mokwa
pH 1:1 6.5 6.3
Organic carbon % 0.84 0.74
Organic matter% 1.45 1.65
N g/kg 0.62 0.72
Available P mg/kg 4.97 4.56
K cmol/kg 1.94 1.92
Na cmol/kg 0.16 0.15
Cacmol/kg 2.4 2.5
Mg cmol/kg 0.8 0.85
Total acidity 0.2 0.4
CEC cmol/kg 5.4 5.8
Sand % 85.36 82.5
Silt % 4.00 5.6
Clay % 10.64 11.9
Texture Loamy sand Loamy sand
Table 2: Chemical analysis of poultry manure used for the experiment
Location N P K Ca Mg Na C:N OM
Lapai 2.32 0.51 1.21 1.10 0.64 0.07 7.8 18.5
Mokwa 2.28 0.53 1.23 1.08 0.64 0.07 7.5 18.2
Key: N= Nitrogen, P= Phosphorus, K= Potassium, Ca= Calcium, Mg= Magnessium, Na=
Sodium, C:N= C:N ratio, and OM=Organic matter
87

5. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
2
Okraleafarea/plant(cm )/plant
Table 5 shows leaf area was significantly
affected by time and rate of application of poultry
manure at the two locations (Table 5). The
application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced wider leaf area
2
(cm ) than the application at two weeks after
planting, but not significantly different from the
applicationatplanting(Table5)..
-1
Application of 10 t ha of poultry manure to okra
produced significantly difference in leaf area in
thetwolocations.
Okranumberofbranches/plant
Okra number of branches was
significantly affected by the poultry manure
application time at 8, 10 and 12 WAP. The
application of manure two weeks before planting
significantly produced higher number of branches
comparable to the application at planting and
significantly higher than application two weeks
afterplanting(Table6).
Poultry manure rate had significant effect
on the okra number of branches at 10 and 12WAP
-1
in the two locations. The 15 t ha poultry manure
had the highest number of branches comparable to
-1 -1
10 t ha and significantly different from 5 t ha and
no application. The control produced the lowest
number of branches throughout the growing
(Table6).
Okrayield
Okra fruit length/ plant, fruit
diameter/plant fruit/weight/plot and fruit weight
were significantly affected by the poultry manure
time of application (Table 7).Poultry manure
-
applied two weeks before planting and at 10 t ha
1
produced longest fruit length, wider fruit diameter
and higher fruit weight and fruit diameter in the
two locations which were significantly different
from the application of poultry manure at planting
and two weeks after planting. The poultry manure
applied at planting and two weeks after planting
were comparable to one another in the two
locations(Table7).
Averageokraplant height/plant
Okra plant height significantly affected by
the poultry manure by the time of application of
poultry manure in the two locations (Table 3) .The
application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller plants at 2, 4,
and 6 WAP However at 8, 10and 12 WAP, the
application of poultry manure at planting was
similar to the application of poultry manure two
weeks before planting in the two locations. Okra
plant height was not significantly affected by the
poultry manure rates at 2,4 and 6WAP. Although,
-1
the application of 10 t ha produced taller plants in
the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
However, at 8, 10 and 12 WAP, the application of
-1
10 t ha significantly produced taller okra plants
-1
which were comparable to 15 t ha and
-1
significantly different from 5 t ha and no
application.
Averageokranumberofleaves/plant
Okra numbers of leaves were significantly
affected by time and rate of application of poultry
manure (Table 4), in the two location. The
88

6. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Table3:Effectsofpoultrymanuretimeofapplicationandratesontheplantheightofokra(Abelmoschus
esculentus)atLapaiandMokwain2013cropping
Meansfollowedwiththesameletter(s)arenotsignificantlydifferentat5%probabilitylevel
Treatment
Parameters
Plantheight(cm)
2WAP
Plantheight(cm)
4WAP
Plantheight(cm)
6WAP
Plantheight(cm)
8WAP
Plantheight(cm)
10WAP
Plantheight(cm)
12WAP
LapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwa
Time
Twoweeksbefore
planting
9.18a10.01a21.64a22.73a33.39a34.11a46.32a46.10a62.80a63.31a76.94a74.93a
Atplanting7.77b9.20b20.50.b20.10b32.26ab31.01b45.71ab43.07a61.20a62.83a73.81a74.81a
Twoweekafter
planting
7.72b9.10b19.98b20.03b30.98b30.99b45.21b41.3b50.93b49.23b60.99b69.23b
SE±0.4220.3210.4170.3710.5560.4160.4710.5021.0200.9431.5851.321
LSD0.8760.7020.8650.8011.1520.8840.9771.2142.1151.9043.2882.721
Rate
0tha-17.42c7.72c20.83c20.61c.28.73c28.26c42.70c43.26c58.08c63.18c72.02c72.23c
5tha-18.70b9.48b21.59b21.50b30.87b32.41b44.70b45.78b62.20b65.64b74.77b76.10b
10tha-19.56ab10.07ab22.71ab22.42ab32.87ab34.41a46.13a47.22a65.98a67.93a82.43a81.21a
15tha-19.21a10.03a22.59a22.02a32.40a34.17a44.99a47.01a64.69a67.72a80.98a81.29a
SE±0.4880.5120.4820.5510.6020.5860.5440.6141.1771.0101.8311.732
LSD1.0621.1121.1421.1621.2122.2031.1281.3252.4422.1133.7963.515
InteractionNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNSNS
89

7. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Table4:Effectsofpoultrymanuretimeofapplicationratesonthenumberleavesofokra(Abelmoschusesculentus)atLapaiandMokwain2013
croppingseason.
Treatment
Parameters
NumberofLeaves
2WAP
NumberofLeaves
4WAP
NumberofLeaves
6WAP
NumberofLeaves
8WAP
NumberofLeaves
10WAP
NumberofLeaves
12WAP
LapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwa
Time
Twoweeks
beforeplanting
4.55a3.81a5.53a5.82a7.30a7.61a9.93a9.81a10.79a10.95a11.87a11.92a
Atplanting3.75b3.11b4.83b5.51b6.09b6.84b8.73b8.62b9.70b10.01b10.85b11.04b
Twoweeks
afterplanting
3.65b2.01c4.17c5.00b6.05b6.32c8.03b7.07c9.43c8.12c10.738.26c
SE±0.3940.2910.3800.2700.5720.2410.4880.4400.4820.4260.6420.321
LSD0.8170.6210.6220.5031.1860.5641.0110.9180.9990.8611.3310.644
Rate
0tha-12.16b1.81b4.80b5.02b6.28b6.01b8.07b6.85b9.00c10.48b10.98b10.72c
5tha-12.89b2.02b5.15b5.02b6.60b6.13b8.17b7.66b9.86b10.75b11.09b12.01b
10tha-13.78a3.71a6.06a6.71a7.73a7.03a9.56a8.78a11.64a11.78a13.39a13.01a
15tha-13.10ab3.12a5.72a6.20a7.67a6.73a9.18a8.71a10.90ab11.75a12.26a13.04a
SE±0.3410.3210.260.3620.4950.2660.4220.4130.4170.2130.5560.441
LSD0.7080.6920.5390.7141.0270.5120.8760.8280.8650.4281.1520.922
InteractionNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNs
Meansfollowedwiththesameletter(s)arenotsignificantlydifferentat5%probabilitylevel
90

8. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Discussion
The response of okra growth (plant height,
number of leaves, leaf area and number of
branches) in favour of the application of poultry
manure two weeks before planting can be
attributed to the decomposition rate of poultry
manure applied two weeks before planting that
made nutrients available for the growing okra
when needed most. This result could also be
attributed to the marked contribution of poultry
manure both in application time and rate on okra
plant height. This finding is in agreement with
observation of Tindall (1975), Adeyemi et al.,
(1987) and Vimala (2006) who reported increased
plant height of Amaranthus as a result of poultry
manure application. The result also corroborates
the findings of Amanullah et al., (2007) who
reported rapid mineralization of nutrients in
poultry manure which made a significant quantity
of thenutrientsavailablefor theplantabsorption.
The response of okra fruit characteristics
(fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield and
cumulative yield to the poultry manure application
time followed the same trend. This result is in
contrast with Ndukwe et al., (2011) who reported
that the application of poultry manure at two
months after planting (MAP) produced heaviest
bunches of plantain and the highest yield
components when compared with the application
atplantingandthreeMAP.
Also, the effects of poultry manure rate,
shows the highest response from the application of
-1
10 t ha on growth and yield of okra in the two
locations except the effect of poultry manure rate
on leaf area of okra which were not significantly
differed. This result is in agreement with the report
presented by Ojeniyi (2000) that different rates of
manure application do not usually give a
significant difference in leaf area per plant of any
crop.
However, other growth and yield
parametersrecorded highest mean values in favour
-1
of 10 t ha and in most cases not significantly
-1
different from 15 t ha and lowest growth and yield
were obtained from control application treatment.
This result tallies with the report of Hamma et al.,
(2012) who observed that the application of 12
1
tha of poultry manure produced higher mean
values of vine length, number of leaves, leaf area,
fruit length/plant, fruit girth/plant, yield/plot and
cumulative yield of cucumber while the control (0
-1
t ha of poultry manure), gave significantly lower
values in all growth and yield parameters
throughouttheperiodofassessment.
Conclusion
The poultry manure is a valuable source of
organic matter and other essential nutrients
required by okra that should be used by low
income farmers for sustainable plant production.
The manure if applied when plant needs it most
will serve even better than the application of NPK.
Although application rates showed some
1
significant effects but application of 10 t ha seems
toperformsignificantlybetterthanotherrates.
References
Adeyemi, M. O., Fakorede, M.A. B and Edema,A.
O. (1987). Effect of poultry Manure and
cutting height on the performance of
Amaranthus hybridus. Nigerian Journal of
Agronomy,11(1):12–20.
Aliyu, L. (2003). Effect of manure type and rate on
the growth, yield and yield component of
91

9. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Table5:Effectsofpoultrymanuretimeofapplicationandratesontheleafarea(cm)ofokra(Abelmoschusesculentus)atLapaiandMokwain2
2013croppingseason.
Treatment
Parameters
LeafArea(cm2
)
2WAP
LeafArea(cm2
)
4WAP
LeafArea(cm2
)
6WAP
LeafArea(cm2
)
8WAP
LeafArea(cm2
)
10WAP
LeafArea(cm2
)
12WAP
LapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwaLapaiMokwa
Time
Twoweeks
beforeplanting
5.63a5.88a9.93a9.93a269.00a297.12a395.00a433.32a531.00a640.93a715.00a712.02a
Atplanting4.35b4.41b7.66b9.64a195.00b203.33b302.00b345.36b412.00b521.26b590.00b5901.41b
Twoweeks
afterplanting
4.25b3.86b6.44c6.21b160.00b198.32bb300.00b330.61b408.00b466.23b502.00b582.26b
SE±0.6010.7120.5820.55526.9034.72143.7038.62155.9055.72159.50059.261
LSD1.2461.4431.2071.10670.3073.42190.7080.031116.030115.231118.102116.345
Rate
0tha-14.37b4.45b6.11b7.02b215.00b216.00b292.00b317.46b416.00b420.42b619.00b670.20b
5tha-14.42b4.50b7.95b8.21b224.00b281.24b295.00b399.96b450.00b470.32b642.00ab690.73a
10tha-15.63a5.85a9.79a9.94a345.00a383.72a425.00a453.47a567.00a590.26a797.00a803.73a
15tha-15.23a5.36ab8.77ab9.23ab315.00ab382.56a392.00a403.99ab536.00ab561.22ab721.00a743.62ab
SE±0.5200.6620.5040.55529.40530.24137.90136.85148.40651.23452.70453.231
LSD1.0791.3211.0451.10660.90361.44178.50377.541100.502103.324105.607108.321
Interaction
NsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNsNs
Meansfollowedwiththesameletter(s)arenotsignificantlydifferentat5%probabilitylevel
92

10. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Table 6: Effects of poultry manure time of application and rates on the number of branches of
okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at Lapai and Mokwa, 2013 cropping season
Number of branches
6WAP 8WAP 10WAP 12WAP
Lapai Mokwa Lapai Mokwa Lapai Mokwa Lapai Mokwa
Time
Two weeks Before
Planting
2.89 2.77 3.77a 3.84a 6.44a 7.14a 8.22a 7.99a
At planting 2.65 2.73 3.62a 3.80a 6.04a 7.10a 7.63a 7.42a
Two weeks After Planting 2.35 2.63 2.81b 3.35b 5.40b 6.01b 6.52b 6.23b
SE± 0.294 0.246 0.2300 0.243 0.292 0.301 0.365 0.312
LSD 0.609 0.589 0.476 0.423 0.606 0.611 0.757 0.692
Rates
0 t ha-1 2.53 3.10 3.09 3.55 5.41b 5.63c 6.39c 6.51c
5 t ha-1 2.53 3.11 3.29 3.56 6.08b 6.40b 7.30b 7.61b
10 t ha-1 2.85 3.22 3.57 3.69 6.79a 7.13a 8.20a 8.73a
15 t ha-1 2.56 3.12 3.17 3.67 6.42ab 7.02ab 7.98ab 8.49a
SE± 0.339 0.321 0.2655 0.244 0.338 0.342 0.421 0.241
LSD 0.703 0.689 0.5507 0.503 0.700 0.714 0.874 0.502
Interaction
Time X Rate Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
Means followed with the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% probability level
Treatment
93

11. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
Table 7: Effects of poultry manure time of application and rates on fruit length, diameter and
weight of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) at Lapai, 2013 cropping season
Treatments Fruit length /plot
(cm)
Fruit diameter/plot
(cm)
Fruit weight /plot
(kg)
Cumulative Yield
Tonnes/ha
Lapai Mokwa Lapai Mokwa Lapai Mokwa Lapai Mokwa
Time
Two weeks
before planting
7.89a 8.23a 5.94a 5.99a 7.85a 6.30a 3.93a 4.65a
At planting 7.07b 7.08b 5.22b 5.10b 6.40b 7.80b 3.20b 3.96b
Two weeks
after planting
6.60b 7.00b 5.16b 5.09b 6.1b 5.30b 3.05b 2.60c
SE± 0.373 0.381 0.311 0.216 0.35 0.65 0.35 0.36
LSD 0.774 0.802 0.645 0.433 0.80 1.39 0.73 0.74
Rate
0 t ha-1 4.69c 4.82c 5.01c 4.07b 2.75b 3.80c 1.38b 1.91b
5 t ha-1 6.95b 7.02b 5.19bc 5.29a 3.20b 4.40b 1.60b 2.23b
10 t ha-1 8.94a 8.96a 6.12a 5.92a 8.00a 9.50a 4.05a 4.75a
15 t ha-1 7.61b 7.12b 5.48ab 5.73a 7.60a 8.80a 3.80a 4.42a
SE±-* 0.431 0.422 0.359 0.444 0.45 0.55 0.75 0.85
LSD 0.893 0.845 0.744 0.841 0.963 1.156 1.631 1.89
Interaction
Time X Rate Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns Ns
94

12. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment Vol. 3, December 2015
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