BIO320 Chapter 8

1. 8-1
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
A Study of Interrelationships
15th Edition
Energy and Civilization:
Patterns of Consumption
Chapter 8
©2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction
or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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Outline
8.1 History of Energy
Consumption
8.2 How Energy Is Used
8.3 Electrical Energy
8.4 The Economics and
Politics of Energy Use
8.5 Energy Consumption
Trends

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Biological Energy Sources (1 of 2)
Initial energy transfer occurs through
photosynthesis.
Very early in history humans began to exploit
additional energy sources to make life more
comfortable.

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Biological Energy Sources (2 of 2)
Energy provided by burning wood
enabled people to cook food, heat
living areas, and develop primitive
metallurgy.
Dense, rapidly growing settlements
quickly outstripped wood
production, and new fuel sources
such as coal had to be utilized.

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Increased Use of Wood
The development of complex early civilizations resulted in
the development of cities and led to an increased demand
for energy.
• Dense populations of humans made heavy use of wood for fuel and
building materials.
• They eventually used up the readily available sources and had to
import wood or seek alternative forms of fuel.

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Fossil Fuels and the Industrial
Revolution (1 of 2)
During the Carboniferous period, (286-362 million years ago)
conditions were conducive to the formation of large deposits of coal.
Oil and natural gas formed primarily from one-celled marine
organisms.
During the Industrial Revolution, machines replaced human and
animal labor in the manufacture and transportation of goods.
• Steam engines converting heat energy into forward motion were central to
this transformation.
• Countries or regions without large coal deposits were consequently left
behind.

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Fossil Fuels and the Industrial
Revolution (2 of 2)
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were
manufactured on a small scale in private homes.
Expanding factories needed larger labor pools,
thus people began congregating around
factories and cities.
• Widespread use of coal in cities resulted in
increased levels of air pollution.
Within 200 years, daily per capita energy
consumption of industrialized nations
increased eightfold.
Source: Library of Congress

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Changes in Energy Sources
Within a span of 200 years, the daily per
capita energy consumption of industrialized
nations increased eightfold.

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The Role of the Automobile (1 of 2)
The invention of the automobile dramatically increased the demand for
oil products.
The growth of the automobile industry led to roadway construction,
which required energy.
• Better roads permitted higher speeds.
• Higher speeds permitted bigger, faster cars.
• Bigger, faster cars required better roads.
Convenience of the automobile led to two-car families.
• Job growth in automobile-related industries.
• Major role in development of industrialized nations.

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Energy-Demanding Lifestyle

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The Role of the Automobile (2 of 2)
Cars altered people’s lifestyles:
• Vacationers could travel greater distances.
• People could live farther from work, leading to sprawling cities and
suburbs.
• In the suburbs, labor-saving, energy-consuming devices became
essential in the home.
• We expect to see Florida oranges, California lettuces, and Central
American bananas in any supermarket in North America.
• They must be processed, refrigerated, and transported to distant
locations.

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Growth in the Use of Natural Gas
Initially, natural gas was burned as a waste product at oil
wells.
• Before 1940, it accounted for less than 10% of energy consumption.
• By 1970, it accounted for about 30% of energy needs.
• Currently, it accounts over 30% of U.S. consumption.
• It is primarily used for home heating and industrial purposes.

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8.2 How Energy Is Used (1 of 3)
To maintain their style of living, individuals in the United
States use about twice as much energy as people in
France, Germany, or Japan, about three times more energy
than the people of China, and about 13 times more energy
than the people of India.

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8.2 How Energy Is Used (2 of 3)
Industrialized nations use energy roughly equally
for:
• Residential / commercial uses
• Industrial uses
• Transportation

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8.2 How Energy Is Used (3 of 3)
Less-developed countries use most energy for
residential purposes.
• Cooking and heating
Developing countries use much of their energy to
develop industry.

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Residential and Commercial Energy
Use
In North America, 16% of energy is used for residential and 12% for
commercial purposes.
• In Canada, about 60% of residential energy is used for heating.
In Africa and Asia much of the household energy is used for cooking,
and comes from wood.
Early estimates suggested that Computer systems and the Internet
would consume over 10 percent of the U.S. electrical energy supply.
• More recent estimates put the energy consumed at about 3 percent of the
electrical energy supply.

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Industrial Energy Use
The amount of energy countries use for industrial processes varies
considerably.
Countries that are developing new industries dedicate a high
percentage of their energy use to them.
• South Korea and China devote over 50 percent of their energy use to
industrial purposes.
Highly industrialized countries use a significant amount of their energy
in industry, but their energy use is high in other sectors as well.

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Transportation Energy Uses
Per capita energy use for transportation is high in developing
countries and highest in highly developed countries.
• The specific combination of bus, rail, waterways, and private automobiles
is the main factor in determining a country’s energy use for transportation.
• In countries with high population densities, rail and bus transport are
particularly efficient.

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How Americans Get to Work

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8.3 Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is such a large proportion of energy consumed in
most countries that it deserves special comment.
Almost all electrical energy is produced as a result of burning fossil
fuels.
Because the transportation of electrical energy is so simple and the
uses to which it can be put are so varied, electricity is a major form in
which energy is supplied to people of the world.

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8.4 The Economics and Politics of Energy
Use
A direct link exists between economic growth and the
availability of inexpensive energy.
• Most industrial societies want to ensure a continuous supply of
affordable energy.
• The higher the price of energy, the more expensive goods and
services become.
• Subsidies help keep energy costs down.

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Fuel Economy and Government Policy
(1 of 3)
Automobile fuel efficiency is one area in which
government policy has had significant impact.
Most of the differences in gasoline prices among countries
are a result of taxes and reflect differences in government
policy toward motor vehicle transportation.

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Fuel Economy and Government Policy
(2 of 3)
When we compare the kinds of automobiles driven, we find
a direct relationship between the cost of fuel and fuel
efficiency.
The average European car driver pays more than twice as
much for fuel as U.S. and Canadian drivers and uses about
40 percent less fuel to drive the same distance as a U.S.
driver.

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Fuel Economy and Government Policy
(3 of 3)
Governments often charge road users to help build and repair roads by
taxing fuel.
• Many European countries raise more money from fuel taxes than
they spend on building and repairing roads.
• U.S. only raises 50% of monies needed for roads from fuel taxes.
• Low fuel costs in the U.S. encourage more travel, which increases
road repair costs.

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The Importance of Opec
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) consists of 13
countries.
OPEC nations control about 71% of the
world’s estimated oil reserves (1,700
billion barrels).
From 2011 through 2014 oil has traded
around $100 per barrel.
A barrel cost about $50 per barrel in the
middle of 2017.
Source: BP statistical Review
of World Energy, 2016

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8.5 Energy Consumption Trends
(1 of 2)
In 2015, world energy consumption was around 13,000 million metric tons of oil
equivalent, an increase of over 17 percent over 10 years. Of this total,
conventional fossil fuels—oil, natural gas, and coal—accounted for nearly 90
percent.
Over half of world energy consumption is by the 25 member countries of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the
developed nations of the world.
• Available Energy Sources
• Oil 33%
• Coal 30%
• Natural Gas 24%
• Nuclear energy and hydropower provide the rest.

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Changes in World Energy
Consumption by Region
Source: Data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2016.

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Political and Economic Factors
The primary factors determining energy use:
• Political stability in oil-producing countries
• Price of oil
During the 1980s, energy costs in North America and Europe declined,
and people became less concerned about energy consumption.
• They used more energy to heat and cool their homes, bought more
appliances, and larger cars.

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8.5 Energy Consumption Trends
(2 of 2)
Energy consumption behavior of most
people is motivated by economics rather
than a desire to wisely use energy
resources.
Over the past several years, world oil
prices have been extremely volatile.
Since OPEC and countries of the Middle
East control over 40 percent of the
world’s oil production and over 70 percent
of the oil reserves, political stability in this
region is very important.

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Summary (1 of 2)
A direct correlation exists between the amount of energy
used and the complexity of civilizations.
Fossil-fuel consumption in conjunction with the invention of
labor-saving machines resulted in the Industrial Revolution,
which led to the development of technology-oriented
societies today in the developed world.
The invention of the automobile caused major changes in
the lifestyles of people that led to greater consumption of
energy.

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Summary (2 of 2)
Because of the high dependence of modern societies on oil
as a source of energy, OPEC countries can set the price of
oil through collective action.
In general, rich countries use large amounts of energy and
poor countries use much less.
Analysts expect the worldwide demand for energy to
increase steadily and the growth in energy usage by those
countries becoming industrialized to be greater than that of
already-industrialized nations.