2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE
CONCEPT
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topic of the section here
ALL THE
STEPS
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VOCABULA
RY
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topic of the section here
01 02 03
5. THE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Is the process that plants use in
the presence of sunlight to convert
carbon dioxide taken in by their
leaves and water taken in through
the roots to produce oxygen and
sugar (glucose).
6. DAY VS NIGHT PROCESS
Light-Dependent Reactions
PHOTOSYNTHESIS DURING
THE DAY
Calvin Cycle
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AT NIGHT
Uses the Carbon Dioxide from the
atmosphere and the ATP and NADPH
from light reactions to make sugars.
Need sunlight and water to produce
ATP and NADPH that will be used in
the CALVIN CYCLE
7. A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and
certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the
process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical
energy for growth.
Thylakoids [(granum)stack of thylakoids] are interconnected disc-
like sacs of the internal membrane system of the chloroplast,
where the light reaction takes place.
Stroma is the liquid material found throughout the cavity of the
chloroplast. It contains the enzymes required for carbon fixation
along with managing the chloroplast response to cellular stresses
and signals between different organelles.
8. RESPIRATION VS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PROCESS RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
GAS IN Oxygen Carbon dioxide
GAS OUT Carbon dioxide Oxygen
TIME At all times Daytime only
EQUATION Oxygen + glucose = energy C02 + water = glucose + water
9. How does an electron flow in photosynthesis?
Photosystems are
structures within the
thylakoid membrane that
harvest light and convert it to
chemical energy.
It is composed of pigments
called chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b, and
carotenoid.
10. LIGHT REACTIONS
as this is the step we expect to see when
the plant is sufficiently supplied with water
and sunlight.
This process occurs in thylakoid of
chloroplasts which involves both
Photosystem I and Photosystem II and
produces ATP and NADPH
During non-cyclic photophosphorylation,
the generation of ATP is coupled to a one-
way flow of electrons from H2O to NADP+.
NonCyclic Pathway
(also known as the Linear Electron Flow)
11. DO IT RIGHT!!!
“It is important to water plants daily because the
splitting of water is responsible repleneshing the
lost electrons in the pathway.”
Light energy is used in the light reaction. Water is split using light
energy, releasing hydrogen and electrons while forming oxygen. This
process is referred to as water photolysis.
12. LIGHT REACTIONS
Is an alternative way for the excited
electrons.
It uses Photosystem I but not
Photosystem II.
During this process, the electrons are
transferred back to P700 instead of moving
into the NADP from the electron acceptor.
This downward movement of electrons from
an acceptor to P700 results in the formation
of ATP molecules.
Cyclic Pathway
(also known as the Linear Electron Flow)
13. Difference between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic
Cyclic Photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
Only Photosystem I is involved.
Both Photosystem I and II are
involved.
P700 is the active reaction centre. P680 is the active reaction centre.
Electrons travel in a cyclic manner.
Electrons travel in a non – cyclic
manner.
Electrons revert to Photosystem I
Electrons from Photosystem I are
accepted by NADP.
ATP molecules are produced.
Both NADPH and ATP molecules
are produced.
Water is not required. Photolysis of water is present.
NADPH is not synthesized. NADPH is synthesized.
Oxygen is not evolved as the by-
product
Oxygen is evolved as a by-product.
This process is predominant only in
bacteria.
This process is predominant in all
green plant
14. Is the production of ATP in the chloroplast or in other
membranes during light reaction.
occurs in ATP-synthase complex or coupling factor (CF)
located in stroma thylakoid membranes.
ATP synthase is an enzyme located in the mitochondria and
chloroplasts (plant cells) that produces the energy
'currency' of the cell known as adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions through a
membrane down their electrochemical gradient. It is involved
in the production of ATP, which is the main molecule used for
energy by the cell.
Photophosphorylation: Chemiosmosis
(How is ATP exactly
produced?)
15. Sources of Protons (Hydrogen Ions)
1. Photolysis (Splitting of water)
2. The Pumping action of the ETC.
ADP needs to be combined with phosphate
and energy to form a high-energy molecule
called ATP. ADP and phosphate are found in the
stroma, and the energy comes from the flow of
hydrogen ions in the ATP synthase
16. CALVIN CYCLE
Occurs in the Stroma of the
chloroplast.
It is the cycle of chemical
reactions where the carbon from
the carbon cycle is fixed into
sugars.
Stroma is the fluid filling up the
inner space of the chloroplasts
which encircle the grana and the
thylakoids.
17. STAGES OF THE CALVIN CYCLE
Stage 1: Carbon Fixation - the
enzyme RuBisCO incorporates
carbon dioxide into an organic
molecule.
Stage 2: Reduction- the organic
molecule is reduced.
Stage 1: Regeneration of
RuBP, the molecule that starts
the cycle, is regenerated so
that the cycle can continue.
18. The Calvin Cycle is considered a cycle because of the
regeneration of (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) RuBP.
It is also called carbon fixation because the main goal is
to fix the carbon from carbon dioxide. In this process,
the carbon from inorganic compound (Carbon Dioxide)
is converted or assimilated to become part of an organic
compound.
20. Alternative Pathway of Carbon
Fixation: C4 and CAM plants
C4 plants minimize photorespiration by separating initial
CO2, fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing
these steps in different cell types.
In C4 plants, the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin
cycle are physically separated, with the light-dependent
reactions occurring in the mesophyll cells (spongy tissue
in the middle of the leaf) and the Calvin cycle occurring in
special cells around the leaf veins. These cells are called
bundle-sheath cells.
21. Alternative Pathway of Carbon
Fixation: C4 and CAM plants
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants minimize
photorespiration and save water by separating these
steps in time, between night and day.
At night, CAM plants open their stomata, allowing CO2 to
diffuse into the leaves. This CO2 is fixed into
oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase (the same step used
by C4 plants), then converted to malate or another type
of organic acid3.
23. Alternative Pathway of Carbon
Fixation: C4 and CAM plants
The C4 pathway is used in about 3% percent of all vascular
plants; some examples are crabgrass, sugarcane and
corn. C4 plants are common in habitats that are hot, but
are less abundant in areas that are cooler. In hot
conditions, the benefits of reduced photorespiration likely
exceed the ATP cost of moving CO2 from the mesophyll
cell to the bundle-sheath cell.
24. Alternative Pathway of Carbon
Fixation: C4 and CAM plants
The CAM pathway requires ATP at multiple steps, so like
C4 photosynthesis, it is not an energetic "freebie."
However, plant species that use CAM photosynthesis not
only avoid photorespiration, but are also very water-
efficient. Their stomata only open at night, when humidity
tends to be higher and temperatures are cooler, both
factors that reduce water loss from leaves. CAM plants
are typically dominant in very hot, dry areas, like deserts.
30. ANALYSIS OF THE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Effect of temperature on the
rate of photosynthesis
*Temperature in degrees Celsius
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Maximum rate of
photosynthesis reached at the
“optimal” temperature
*Rate
of
photosynthesis
33. C3 vs C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
C3
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
C4
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Neptune is the eighth and farthest
planet from the Sun and the fourth-
largest by diameter in the entire Solar
System
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest in the entire
Solar System. It was named after the
Roman messenger god
34. THREE PRINCIPAL CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS
OXYGEN
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest of them all
HYDROGEN
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
CARBON
DIOXIDE
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s
full of iron oxide dust
O2 H CO2
35. MORE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
SUN
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
WATER
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
CHLOROPHY
LL
GASES
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
38. Saturn is composed
mostly of hydrogen and
also helium
Venus has a beautiful
name, but also very
high temperatures
CARBON
NADPH
VOCABULARY
ATP
Mercury is the smallest
planet in the entire
Solar System
CALVIN
CYCLE
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a very
cold place
CHLOROPL
AST
Jupiter is a gas giant
and the biggest planet
in the Solar System
GLUCOSE
Neptune is the fourth-
largest planet in the
Solar System
41. BEST PLACES FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Despite being
red, Mars is a
cold place
PLACE
#1
Venus is the
second planet
from the Sun
PLACE
#3
Jupiter is the
biggest planet of
them all
PLACE
#2
PLACE
#4
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
42. CALVIN CYCLE
1st 2n
d 3rd
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
CARBOXYLAT
ION
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place
REDUCTION
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun
REGENERATI
ON
44. 15h 55m 23s
Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place
12h 37m 15s
Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all
14h 24m 25s
Mercury is the smallest planet of them all
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