Babita UPA Presentation.pptx

WELCOME
The nation that destroys its soil,
destroys itself..
- Franklin Roosevelt

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE ( IAAS )
PRITHU TECHNICAL COLLEGE
BANGAUN , DANG
BANGAUN, DANG
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (INM) IN EARLY SEASON
CAULIFLOWER PRODUCTION AND ITS RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES
Major Advisor Member Advisor
Asst. Prof. Krishna Aryal Asst. Prof. Lal B. Chhetri
Department of Soil Science Department of Horticulture
Prithu Technical College Sept. 13, 2020 Prithu Technical College
Bangaun , Dang Bangaun , Dang
Presented By
Babita Neupane
Roll No-55

BANGAUN , DANG
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Research Glimpse
Acknowledgement
Summary and Conclusion
Result and Discussion
Materials and Methods
Literature Review
Objectives
Statement of Problem
Introduction
Rationale of Study

BANGAUN , DANG
INTRODUCTION
 In Nepal, cauliflower is the number one vegetable in terms of area cultivated and covers about
35764ha with total production of 574795Mt and productivity of 16.07 Mt/ha.(MoALD,2019).
 Cauliflower is a heavy feeder of mineral elements and heavy manuring has been
recommended for getting a good yield (Roy, 1981, Randhawa and Khurana, 1983).
 Chemical fertilizers play important role in influencing the quality of crops but also degrades
soil health due to its continuous use (Singh et al., 2010).
 The concept of integrated nutrient management(INM) has emerged as important tool for
maintaining soil fertility and crop productivity (Nambiar, 1991).
 INM concept encourage integrated applications having judicious combination of mineral
fertilizer with organic and biological sources of nutrients to make crop production sustainable
and to improve soil fertility(K.C and Bhattarai, 2012).

BANGAUN , DANG
Statement of Problem
 Timely unavailability and unbalanced application of inorganic fertilizer, reluctancy
of farmers towards organic source of nutrients are some of the reasons behind low
production and productivity of cauliflower along with decreasing soil fertility.
 Continuous long term use of these chemicals deteriorates soil health and use of
organic manures and biological fertilizers cannot alone enhance the production of
these heavy feeder crops in spite of sustaining soil health.
 Sustainable and cost-effective approach both for higher yield and management of
soil fertility is lagging here.

BANGAUN , DANG
Rationale of Study
 Reducing the detrimental impact of chemical fertilizers and increasing the optimum
harvest of the crop are vital issue in the present time.
 The integrated supply and use of plant nutrients from the chemical fertilizers and
organic manures increases crop productivity results from their combined and
synergistic effect, improving chemical, physical and biological properties of the soil.
 This study will explore the possibility of low-cost production of cauliflower through
minimal use of chemical fertilizers by integration of locally available organic sources
of nutrients.
 Furthermore, the findings of the study will help in breaking the sole dependency of
farmers towards inorganic fertilizer for achieving higher production of the crop.

BANGAUN , DANG
Objectives
Specific Objectives
 To study the effect of inorganic fertilizers alone and in combination with different
organic fertilizers on growth, yield attributing characters and yield of cauliflower.
 To study the effect of inorganic fertilizers alone and in combination with different
organic fertilizers on residual soil properties.
 To study the production economics of cauliflower under different INM treatments.
Broad Objective
 To enhance the soil health as well as productivity and profitability of cauliflower
through INM system.

BANGAUN , DANG
Literature Review
 Vegetable subsector in Nepal
 Vegetable Import and Export Trend in Nepal
 Fertilizer production and Consumption trend in Nepal
 Concept of Integrated Nutrient Management
 Relevance of INM in Nepal
 Effects of INM on growth parameters of cauliflower
 Effects of INM on yield parameters of cauliflower
 Effects of INM on soil residual properties
 Economics of production of cauliflower under INM system

BANGAUN , DANG
MATERIALS AND METHODS

BANGAUN , DANG
Geographical Location of Experimental Site
Latiitude-
27° 48' North Latitude
Longitude
82° 34' East Longitude
Altitude-
263masl

BANGAUN , DANG
Features of
Experiment
 Crop: Cauliflower
 Variety: Silvercup60
 Design of experiment : RCBD (Single Factorial)
 No of replication: 3
 No of treatments: 8
 Total plot size: 23.5m×12.1m=284.35m2
 Individual plot size: 2.7m×2.25m
 Crop spacing: 45cm×45cm
 Spacing between replication:1m
 Spacing between plots: 0.5m
 Duration: Sep 2019 to Nov 2019

BANGAUN , DANG
0
T4-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(VC)
T1
100% N (RFD)
T2-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(FYM)
T7-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(VC)+
25%N(FYM)
T5-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(FYM)+
25%N(PM)
T8-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(FYM+PM
+VC) [1:1:1)
T3-50%N (RFD)+
50%N (PM)
T6- 50%N
(RFD)+
25%N(VC)+
25%N(PM)
T7-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(VC)+
25%N(FYM)
T2-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(FYM)
T3-50%N (RFD)+
50%N (PM)
T3-50%N (RFD)+
50%N (PM)
T6- 50%N
(RFD)+
25%N(VC)+
25%N(PM)
T4-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(VC)
T1
100% N (RFD)
T8-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(FYM+PM
+VC) [1:1:1
T4-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(VC)
T2-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(FYM)
T6-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(VC)+ 25%
N(PM)
T8-50%N (RFD)+
50%N(FYM+PM
+VC) [1:1:1
T5-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(FYM)+
25%N(PM)
T7-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(VC)+
25%N(FYM)
T5-50%N (RFD)+
25%N(FYM)+
25%N(PM)
T1-100% N (RFD)
R1 R2 R3
0.5M
1m
1m 1m
2.7 m
2.25m
12.1m
23.5m
Layout of Experimental Site

Treatments Details
TREATMENTS TREATMENT DETAILS MINERAL FERTILIZERS/PLOT ORGANIC
MANURE/PLOT
T1 100% N(RFD) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 192.82gm Urea Nil
T2 50%N(RFD)+ 50%N(FYM) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 38gm Urea 2.36kg FYM
T3 50%N(RFD)+ 50%N (PM) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 38gm Urea 1.75 kg PM
T4 50%N(RFD)+ 50%N(VC) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 38gm Urea 1.45kg VC
T5 50%N(RFD)+ 25%N(FYM)+ 25%N(PM) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP,38gm Urea 1.18kg FYM
0.875kg PM
T6 50%N(RFD)+ 25%N(VC)+ 25%N(PM) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 38gm Urea 0.725kgVC
0.875kg PM
T7 50%N(RFD) + 25%N(VC) +25%N(FYM) 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 38gm Urea 0.725kg VC
1.18kg FYM
T8 50%N(RFD)+ 50%N(FYM+PM+VC) [1:1:1] 81gm MOP, 105.65gm DAP, 38gm Urea 0.48kg VC 0.58kg
PM 0.79kg FYM
RDF-200:120:80 NPK kg/ha

BANGAUN , DANG
Cultural Operations
 Raising of seedling
 Land Preparation
 Manure and fertilizer application
 Transplanting
 Irrigation
 Weeding and earthing up
 Top dressing of Urea
 Harvesting

BANGAUN , DANG
Observations Recorded
Growth Attributes
 Height of plant(cm)
 Number of leaves
 Canopy Diameter(cm)
 Leaf area per plant(cm2)
 Root length(cm)
 Root diameter(cm)
 Root Density(g/cm2)
Yield Attributes
 Curd diameter(cm)
 Curd depth(cm)
 Curd weight (kg)
 Marketable yield
per ha(t/ha)
Soil Parameters
 Soil infiltration rate(cm/hr.)
 Soil bulk density(g/cm3)
 Soil particle density(g/cm3)
 Soil pH
 Soil Organic Matter
 Total Nitrogen(%)
 Available
Phosphorous(kg/ha)
Economic Analysis
 Cost of cultivation
 Gross return
 Net return
 B:C Ratio

BANGAUN , DANG
Method of Soil Analysis
S.N SOIL
PARAMETERS
METHOD USED
1 Soil Infiltration Rate Double ring infiltrometer (ASTM, 2003)
2 Soil Bulk density Core Sampler Method (Blake and Hartge, 1986)
3 Soil Particle Density Pycnometer (Reischauer and Gay Lussac, 1802)
4 Soil pH Beckman electrode pH meter (Cotttenie et al.,1982)
5 Organic Matter Using chromic acid titration method (Walkley and Black, 1934).
6 Total Nitrogen OM×0.05 ( A & L Canada Laboratory, 2013)
7 Available Phosphorous Modified Olsen’s method (Olsen, 1954) using spectrophotometry.

BANGAUN , DANG
Statistical Analysis
 MS Excel for data Recording.
 GEN-stat for data analysis.
 DMRT(Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) for mean separation at 5%
level of significance.
 ANOVA with reference to Gomez and Gomez(1984).

BANGAUN , DANG
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

BANGAUN , DANG
Table: Effect of INM in Growth parameters of Cauliflower at 45 DAT
TREATMENTS Plant height
(cm)
No. of leaves Canopy diameter(cm) Leaf area (cm2)
100% N (RFD) –T1 31.24 13.20 24.79b 313.8c
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N(FYM)-T2 33.16 13.33 28.33a 351.1bc
50%N (RFD)+50%N (PM)-T3 35.80 13.93 30.48a 462.6ab
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N(VC)-T4 36.40 15.00 31.72a 526.5a
50%N (RFD)+25%N(FYM)+ 25%N(PM)-T5 34.72 14.13 29.93a 431.8abc
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(PM)-T6 35.85 14.93 30.67a 443.2ab
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(FYM)-T7 36.39 14.93 30.89a 454.4ab
50%N (RFD)+50%N (FYM+PM+VC)-T8 35.87 15.00 30.48a 426.6abc
Grand Mean 34.93 14.31 29.66 426.00
SEM(±) 1.50 0.86 1.07 37.6
LSD ( P<0.05) NS NS 3.25 113.9
F-test NS NS * *
CV(%) 7.4 10.4 6.3 15.3

BANGAUN , DANG
Literature Agreement
 Rakesh et al. (2006) and Mitiku et al. (2014) showed that organic manure along with mineral
fertilizers increased plant height.
 Mohapatra et al. (2013) in broccoli, Harish (2009) and Shree et al. (2014) in brinjal reported
increased plant height due to compound application of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
 Bahadur et al. (2003) and Upadhyay et al. (2012) also reported maximum number of leaves on
treatment 50%NRDF+50%NVC in Cabbage.
 Mohanta (2015) found that canopy diameter was maximum with treatment (50% NPK + 2.5 t
poultry manure/ha) in Broccoli.
 Maximum leaf area recorded under treatment integrated with chemical fertilizer and VC (Paikara
and Pandey, 2018; Devi et al., 2018).
These effects could be attributed to the character of organic manures, the addition of which has
solubilizing effects on the soil nutrients as well as chelating effects on metal ions and hence increased
availability of nutrients to the plants.

BANGAUN , DANG
Table: Effect of INM on Root parameters of Cauliflower at 45 DAT
TREATMENTS Root Length(cm) Root diameter (cm) Root density (g/cm3)
100% N (RFD)-T1 18.67 0.80 0.63
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM)-T2 19.67 0.73 0.51
50%N (RFD)+50%N (PM)-T3 21.73 1.00 0.69
50%N (RFD)+50%N(VC)-T4 20 0.90 0.63
50%N (RFD)+25%N(FYM)+25%N(PM)-T5 20.07 1.00 0.65
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(PM)-T6 20.33 0.87 0.63
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(FYM)-T7 19.07 0.87 0.66
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM+PM+VC)-T8 19.67 0.93 0.67
Grand Mean 19.90 0.89 0.63
SEM(±) 2.14 0.11 0.05
LSD NS NS 0.15
F-test NS NS NS
18.6 21.6 13.8

BANGAUN , DANG
 Similar result was obtained by Hati et al., (2006).
Integration of organic manure lowers mechanical resistance, better aeration and
lower bulk density of the surface soil that promoted better root proliferation
resulting proper growth and development of root including root length , root
diameter and root mass/volume ratio.

BANGAUN , DANG
Table: Effect of INM on Curd Depth, Curd Diameter, Curd Weight and Marketable Yield
Treatments
Curd Depth
(cm)
Curd Diameter
(cm)
Average Curd weight
(gm)
Marketable Yield
(t/ha)
100% N (RFD)-T1 5.40d 7.93d 147.5c 7.28f
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM)-T2 8.06abc 11.5abc 195.2ab 11.02bc
50%N (RFD)+50%N (PM)-T3 7.50bcd 10.63abcd 206.4a 9.91cd
50%N (RFD)+50%N(VC)-T4 8.90ab 12.1ab 207.3a 12.85a
50%N (RFD)+25%N(FYM)+25%N(PM)-T5 6.97bcd 10.23bcd 175.2abc 8.65def
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(PM)-T6 9.90a 13.5a 205.8a 12.50ab
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(FYM)-T7 6.27cd 8.9cd 174abc 9.41cde
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM+PM+VC)-T8 7.03bcd 9.23bcd 157.6bc 7.78ef
Grand Mean 7.50 10.50 183.6 9.93
SEM(±) 0.68 0.88 11.55 0.53
LSD 2.06 2.67 35.05 1.62
F-test ** * * **
CV(%) 15.7 14.5 10.9 9.4

BANGAUN , DANG
 VC helps to boost productivity by 40% with 20 to 60% lower nutrient inputs
(Dusserre, 1992).
 Bhanu Shalini et al. (2002), Gosh et al., (2009) and Dalal et al.(2010) also
recorded maximum yield with chemical fertilizer treatment integrated with
vermicompost.
 Curd depth and curd diameter was recorded maximum with treatment integrating
PM and VC(Devi et al.,2018).
 Akbar et al. (2009) reported largest head weight with treatment integrating
chemical fertilizer and poultry manure .

BANGAUN , DANG
The addition of organic manures improves soil physical, chemical and biological
properties which in turns helps in better nutrient absorption by plants, enhance
greater leaf expansion, consequently high photosynthetic rate, allocates large
amount of carbohydrates resulting in better yields.
Increase in yields can also be attributed to sustained availability of nutrients
throughout the growing season, also the efficacy of inorganic fertilizers is much
pronounced when they are combined with organic manures.

BANGAUN , DANG
Table: Effect of INM on Soil pH, Soil Organic Matter, Bulk Density, Particle Density and
Infiltration Rate
TREATMENTS
Soil pH Organic
matter (%)
Bulk
density(g/cm3)
Particle
density(g/cm3)
Infiltration
rate(cm/hr)
100% N (RFD)-T1 6.33 1.69b
1.34 2.47 4.67
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM)-T2 6.61 2.66a
1.18 2.23 5.88
50%N (RFD)+50%N (PM)-T3 6.47 2.23ab
1.29 2.26 5.29
50%N (RFD)+50%N(VC)-T4 6.53 2.06ab
1.30 2.29 5.72
50%N (RFD)+25%N(FYM)+25%N(PM)-T5 6.58 2.04ab
1.28 2.24 4.87
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(PM)-T6 6.39 1.71b
1.31 2.32 4.67
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(FYM)-T7 6.65 2.30ab
1.32 2.36 5.35
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM+PM+VC)-T8 6.49 2.51a
1.30 2.31 5.25
Grand Mean 6.51 2.15 1.29 2.31 5.21
SEM(±) 0.15 0.19 0.04 0.06 0.58
LSD NS 0.60 NS NS NS
F-test NS * NS NS NS
CV(%) 4.1 16 5.9 4.6 19.4

BANGAUN , DANG
Literature agreement
 Integrated Nutrient System was found to increase soil pH (Patel et al., 2014).
 Kafle et al. (2019) and Chaudhary et al. (2003) found minimum bulk density in the
treatments integrated with farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers in different experiments.
 PD was the highest in 100%NRDF plots. Integration of manures have decreased the PD to the
greater extent. Similar results were revealed by the studies of Melis et al. (2008) using
Farmyard manure.
 Ojha et al.(2019) reported the incorporation of FYM in soil resulted highest infiltration rate
(0.522 mm/sec).

BANGAUN , DANG
No significant differences in soil pH could be attributed to the buffering capacity of the
organic manures, which resists change in pH values, however, addition of organic
manures tend to increase the pH value and leads to neutrality.
The increased organic carbon content of the soil in turn improved its organic matter
content, infiltration rate and decreased the bulk density as well as particle density.

BANGAUN , DANG
TREATMENTS Total Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus(kg/ha)
100% N (RFD)-T1 0.08 146.1
50%N (RFD)+50%N(FYM)-T2 0.12 118.0
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N (PM)-T3 0.11 137.8
50%N (RFD)+50%N(VC)-T4 0.10 108.0
50%N (RFD)+25%N(FYM)+25%N(PM)-T5 0.10 128.8
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(PM)-T6 0.08 116.1
50%N (RFD)+25%N(VC)+25%N(FYM)-T7 0.11 119.1
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N(FYM+PM+VC)-T8 0.12 112.7
Grand Mean 0.10 123.3
SEM± 0.01 10.57
LSD NS NS
F-test NS NS
CV(%) 17.6 14.8
Table: Effect of INM on Nitrogen% and Phosphorus (kg/ha)

BANGAUN , DANG
 Sur et al. (2010), Choudhary et al.(2012) and Appireddy. et al. (2008) revealed plots
under INM recorded higher N, P, and K contents in soil compared to application of organic
manures.
 Addition of organic manure like FYM with inorganic fertilizer had a beneficial effect in
increasing the phosphate availability (Devi et al., 2018) .
 Patel et al. (2014) and Kumar et al. (2017) found that the treatment RDF (50%)+FYM
(50%)+ VC(50 %) was superior in respect to nutrient uptake and residual soil fertility
status with highest available N, P and K (kg/ha).
 Kafle et al. (2019) reported the plots receiving 50% RDNPK. through inorganic fertilizers
and remaining 50% RDN through PM registered the highest available N, P and K status in
the soil.

BANGAUN , DANG
Increase in total Nitrogen % in INM treatments could be due to the rate of
decomposition and release of nutrients in plant available forms.
Decrease in phosphorus content in INM treatments could be due to the efficient
utilization of phosphorus by the plant.

BANGAUN , DANG
Table: Effect of INM in Economics of Production
Treatment details Yield
(mt/ha)
Gross
income
Cost of
Cultivation
Net
return
Benefit cost
ratio
100% N (RFD)-T1 7.28 327600 84583 243017 2.87
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N(FYM)-T2 11.02 495900 101455 394445 3.89
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N (PM)-T3 9.91 445950 96400 349550 3.63
50%N (RFD)+ 50%N(VC)-T4 12.85 578250 153975 424275 2.75
50%N (RFD)+ 25%N(FYM)+ 25%N(PM)-T5 8.65 389250 98935 290315 2.93
50%N (RFD)+ 25%N(VC)+ 25%N(PM)-T6 12.50 562500 125185 437315 3.49
50%N (RFD)+ 25%N(VC) +25%N(FYM)-T7 9.41 423450 128175 295275 2.30

BANGAUN , DANG
 Khan et al. (2009) reported the productivity of broccoli could be managed
profitably with combined application of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost or
FYM manure.
 Sharma et al. (2005) recorded the highest net returns in 150% NPK+20 t FYM/ha
with benefit cost ratio of 3.27.
Wani et al. (2011) observed the maximum gross income and net return with highest
benefit cost ratio (3.59) from treatment combination of 50 % PM+50 % RDF
Appireddy et al. (2008) reported higher net returns and benefit: cost (B:C) ratio
with INM compared with the organic nutrient supply.

BANGAUN , DANG
CONCLUSION
 In geographical /recommended domain like Dang (Inner Terai), the integration of
(50% NRFD+50%NVC) gives better result on growth and yield parameters of
cauliflower like canopy diameter, leaf area, curd weight and yield. Similar results
were also obtained in (50%NRFD+ 25%NVC+ 25%NPM).
 50%NRDF+50%NFYM revealed greater OM, lesser bulk density and particle
density as well as higher infiltration rate. However all the INM treatment revealed
better result in soil physical and chemical properties than inorganic fertilizers.
 Integration of FYM with chemical fertilizer (50%NRDF+ 50%NFYM)gives
highest B:C ratio among all treatment due to low cost of FYM however yield and
gross return was obtained maximum under VC integrated treatment with inorganic
fertilizer(50% NRFD+50%NVC).

BANGAUN , DANG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Prithu Technical College
 Advisory Committee
 Family
 Colleagues
 Seniors
 Juniors

BANGAUN , DANG
SOME GLIMPSE OF RESEARCH

BANGAUN , DANG

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