Genetics and plant breeding rabi crops like its botanical name, chromosome number, centre of origin, wild relatives and special botanical features

1. Bablu Hrangkhawl.
CAU/CPGS/B17/02
B.Sc.Agri-3rd year
COA-Kyrdemkulai CAU(I)
DATE-28/08/20
GPB-362(1+1)
CROP IMPROVEMENT-2
RABI CROPS

2. 1.Wheat
Scientific name : Triticum aestivum
Chromosome number: 2n = 6x = 42
Centre of origin: central asia
Distribution :USA, China, Russia, Canada and many south Asian
countries
Wild relatives : T. boeticum, T.aegilopoides, T.dicoccoides,
T.timopheevi
Special botanical features : A. Root system: Wheat plant consists
of two sets of roots
 Seedling roots : The first set of roots (seminal roots) are produced by the
germinating seedling in order to absorb nutrients for the young seedlings.
These are generally five in number and are also called primary root system.
 Clonal roots: Arise from the basal nodes of the plants and form the compact
vegetation mass 'crown' which is the principle organ of absorption as the
young seedling progresses to maturity. It is the permanent root system and
also known as secondary root system.

3. Mode of pollination : self pollinated crops (cleistogamy,
chasmogamy)
Breeding methods : The principal breeding procedures include (1)
introduction and collection of germplasm, (2) pure line selection,
(3) hybridization, and (4) hybrid cultivar development. Mutation
breeding, Backcross method, CGMS-ABR line.
Two released variety : Sonalika and Kalyan Sona .

4. 2.Oat
Scientific name : Avena sativa
Chromosome number: 2n = 6x = 42
Centre of origin: Asia minor
Distribution :Avena sativa probably evolved in central or northern
Europe from wild Avena sterilis L. germplasm from south-western
Asia. Nowadays oat is extensively cultivated in northern temperate
regions, mainly in Europe and North America. In tropical Africa it is
mainly grown in Ethiopia and Kenya.
Wild relatives : A. sterilis, A. byzantina, A. fatua L, A.
occidentalis Dur.
Special botanical features : inflorescence branches- the flowers
are attached to branches rather than to the main axis of the
inflorescence. Spikelet length-18–50 mm.
Glume relative length-one or both glumes are as long or longer
than all of the florets
Awn on glume-the glume has no awn.

5. Mode of pollination : Self pollination(cleistogamy, chasmogamy).
Breeding methods : The principal breeding procedures include (1)
introduction and collection of germplasm, (2) pure line selection, (3)
hybridization, and (4) hybrid cultivar development. Mutation breeding,
Backcross method
Two released variety : HFO - 114 (Haryana Javi - 114), UPO-94(developed
by GBPUA&T, Pantnagar and released in 1981)

6. 3.Barley
Scientific name : Hordeum vulgare
Chromosome number: 2n=2x=14
Centre of origin: Abyssinia (Fertile Crescent)
Distribution :Cultivated barley is grown in a range of diverse
environment that varies from sub-artic to sub-tropical, with
greater concentration of temperate areas and high altitudes of
tropic and sub-tropics.
Wild relatives : H.vulgare ssp. Spontaneum, Hordeum bulbosum
Special botanical features : Hordeum spike is characterized by the
presence of typical wedge-shaped spikelets. Wild and cultivated
barley differ in disarticulation scars on their rachis. In wild barley,
disarticulation scars are smooth, whereas, in cultivated barley it
forms rough dehiscence scars. Smooth scars help in seed dispersal
by shattering of seed at maturity.

7. Mode of pollination : Self pollination(cleistogamy, chasmogamy)
Breeding methods : The principal breeding procedures include (1)
introduction and collection of germplasm, (2) pure line selection,
(3) hybridization, and (4) hybrid cultivar development. Mutation
breeding, Backcross method
Two released variety : Ratna(developed at IARI),Jyoti(Six-row
hulled variety)

8. 4.Chickpea
Scientific name : Cicer arietinum
Chromosome number: 2n = 2x= 16
Centre of origin: Mediterranean
Distribution : Cultivated for at least 10,000 years, chick-pea
remains an important staple food in the Middle East, Africa and
India, among other places. With scattered occurrences recorded in
North America, it occasionally escapes cultivation in New England,
either as a result of commercial or home vegetable-garden
production. Several cultivars have been developed.
Wild relatives : Cicer reticulatum, Cicer reticulatum, Cicer
echinospermum.
Special botanical features : flowers white pink and solitary in leaf
axis, The stems are hairy, simple or branched, straight or bent,
Chickpea is a N-fixing legume (up to 100 kg N/ha)
Mode of pollination : self pollination

9. Breeding methods : Pedigree method: for resistance breeding
(disease, insect, nematode, orobanche spp)
Modified bulk method : for stress situations (drought, cold, heat, iron
deficiency)
Back cross method: for interspecific hybridization. Limited backcross
(one or two) for desi x kabuli introgression and also for resistance
breeding.
Somaclonal variation: through plant tissue culture appears to be a
potential tool for generation and exploitation of useful variability.
Two released variety : Raj Vijay Gram 202(2015) Desi
Haryana Kabuli Chana 2 (2006) Kabuli.

10. 5.Lentil
*Scientific name : Lens esculenta
*Chromosome number: 2n = 14
*Centre of origin: Asia minor
*Distribution : Lentil is one of the world's oldest crops having been
cultivated in southwestern Asia since 7000 BC. The crop is best
adapted for production in temperate climates but is now produced
in different parts of the world. India is the world's leading
consumer of lentil and the second leading producer. In North
America, the United States of America (USA) and Canada are the
main producers of lentil.
*Wild relatives : L. orientalis , Lens ervoides, Lens nigricans, Lens
lamottei

11. *Special botanical features : The plant varies from 15 to 45 cm (6 to
18 inches) in height and has many long ascending branches. The
compound leaves are alternate, with six pairs of oblong-linear
leaflets about 15 mm (0.5 inch) long and ending in a spine. Two to
four pale blue flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves in June
or early July. The small pods are broadly oblong and slightly
inflated and contain two seeds
*Mode of pollination : self pollination
*Breeding methods : Mass selection, Pure-line selection , Pedigree
breeding, bulk-population method of breeding, Hybridization
*Two released variety : DPL15(Priya),DPL 62(Sheri)

12. 6.Field pea
*Scientific name : P. sativum var. arvense
*Chromosome number: 2n = 16
*Centre of origin: Mediterranean region of Europe & West Asia
*Distribution : Distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, N.America,
&Auastralia Usually cultivated for dry pods and variety of snacks
*Wild relatives : P. fulvum, P. sativum subsp. elatius.
*Special botanical features : Flowers are purple or lavender colored
Short peduncle Seeds smaller than garden pea, angular
*Mode of pollination : Self pollination
* Breeding methods : Pedigree, bulk, single seed descent (SSD),
back-cross and mutation breeding are used in pea breeding. Single
seed descent method is now becoming common in peas.
*Two released variety : Rachna, Pant Marter 5

13. 7.Rajma
Scientific name : Phaseolus vulgaris
Chromosome number: 2n = 2x = 22
Centre of origin: central america
Distribution :Phaseolus vulgaris originated from Central and South
America, where it was cultivated as early as 6000 BC in Peru and 5000 BC
in Mexico. It was introduced to the Old World by the Spaniards and the
Portuguese. It is now widespread and cultivated as a major food crop in
many tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the Americas, Europe,
Africa and Asia.
Wild relatives : Phaseolus coccineus
Special botanical features : Phaseolus vulgaris is a herbaceous annual
leguminous plant. Bush cultivars produce erect bushes 20–60 cm high. Pole
or running cultivars have vines 2–3 m in length. All cultivars bear
alternate, green or purple leaves, with three oval leaflets (each 6–15 cm
long and 3–11 cm wide). Lacks biological nitrogen fixation
Mode of pollination : Self pollination
Breeding methods : Plant introduction, Mass selection, Pedigree method,
Two released variety : VL Rajma 63, VL Rajma 125

14. 8.Horse gram
*Scientific name : Macrotylema uniflorum
*Chromosome number: 2n = 24
*Centre of origin: Hindustan Centre
*Distribution : Horse gram is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, and West
Bengal in India, as well as in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the West Indies,
and elsewhere.
*Wild relatives : Macrotyloma uniflorum var. stenocarpum
*Special botanical features : Horse gram is actually a short day,
twining, succulent, annual climbing herb. The plants have trifoliate
leaves, white flowers, long linear pubescent pods thermo-sensitive
nature.
*Mode of pollination : Self pollination

15. *Breeding methods : Pure line selection, Hybridization and
Intervarietal,Interspecific(Dolichos lab lab x M. biflorum
Crossable), Mutation breeding.
*Two released variety : Arjia Kulthi-21, Baizu Kulthi
RAJMA

16. 9.Rapeseed mustard
*Scientific name : Brassica sp.
*Chromosome number: 2n = 16
*Centre of origin: Hindustan centre
*Distribution :China, Canada, India, Europe, Pakistan, collectively
contribute 90 per cent of the global production. In India Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Assam, Bihar and West Bengal.
*Wild relatives : Brassica kabe, Brassica rapa,
*Special botanical features :The stems are erect, simple to freely
branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy and can grow up to 1.5 m tall.
The fruit is a linear cylindrical siliqua with slight constrictions at
regular intervals and dehiscent valves in the lower 4–10 cm segment
of the fruit. The seeds are arranged in a single row in the fruit.

17. *Mode of pollination : Self pollination
* Breeding methods : Introduction
Simple selection
Hybridization and selection
Intervarietal
a) Bulk method.
b) Pedigree method.
c) single seed descent.
Inter specific
 Back cross method
Population improvement
Recurrent Selection, mass selection
Heterosis breeding
CMS lines:Brassica napus
Mutation breeding
Embryo rescue technique for inter specific
crosses.
*Two released variety : Pusa, Kalyani

18. 10.Sunflower
*Scientific name : Helianthus annus
*Chromosome number: 2n=2x=34
*Centre of origin: America
*Distribution : USSR, Romania, Canada, USA In India this crop is
introduced in 1969 from USSR. In India it is cultivated in Tamil Nadu
Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana
*Wild relatives : H.hirsutus, H.rigidus
*Special botanical features :The stem-Mostly unbranched, Green
stem contributes for photosynthesis, Anthesis and fertilization
Flowering from periphery, Outermost opens first
*Mode of pollination : cross pollination
* Breeding methods : Mass selection, Hybridization a)Intervarietal
b)Interspecific. Mutation breeding, Head to row and remnant seed
method. Population improvement: By mass selection, recurrent
selection and use of male sterile lines population can be improved
and utilised for breeding. Heterosis breeding.
*Two released variety : Mordern, surya .

19. 11.Safflower
*Scientific name : Carthamus tinctorius
*Chromosome number: 2n=2x=24
*Centre of origin: Africa and Afghanistan
*Distribution :Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, USA, Egypt middle east in India,
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka together accounts for more than
90 per cent of country’s area
*Wild relatives : Carthamus oxycantha, C. lunatus
*Special botanical features :safflower is a thristle like plant with a central
branch stem, a varying number of branches and tap-root system each
branch have 1-5 flowers and contains 15-20 seeds. This seed contains 30-
40% of oil.
*Mode of pollination : Cross pollination
* Breeding methods :Mass selection, Hybridization a)Intervarietal
b)Interspecific. Mutation breeding, Head to row and remnant seed
method. Population improvement: By mass selection, recurrent selection
and use of male sterile lines population can be improved and utilised for
breeding. Heterosis breeding.
*Two released variety : Purna (PBNS-86), NARI-6

20. 12.Potato
*Scientific name : Solanum tuberosum
*Chromosome number: 2n=4x=48
*Centre of origin: South America
*Distribution :Until the early 1990s, most potatoes were grown and
consumed in Europe, North America and countries of the former
Soviet Union. Since then, there has been a dramatic increase in
potato production and demand in Asia, Africa and Latin America,
where output rose from less than 30 MT in the early 1960s to more
than 165 MT in 2007. FAO data show that in 2005, for the first time,
the developing world's potato production exceeded that of the
developed world. China is now the biggest potato producer, and
almost a third of all potatoes is harvested in China and India.
*Wild relatives : S.stenotomum, S.sparsipilum, S.vernerii (diploid)

21. *Special botanical features :The stems are thickened, ribbed, have a
smooth surface, green in color. The lower part of the stem,
immersed in the ground, releases long branches up to 30 cm long.
Leaf blades are large, their color is dark green. The flowers are a
purple hue with a yellow core(it flowers only in high altitude like
himalaya)
*Mode of pollination : self pollination
*Breeding methods :Clonal propagation
Controlled pollination :
Population breeding
True potato seed (TPS)Propagation through' use of seed
practiced in China. By this
method virus can be avoided.
Mutation breeding
*Two released variety : Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Badshah.

22. 13.Berseem
*Scientific name : Trifolium alexandrinum L
*Chromosome number: 2n=2x=16
*Centre of origin: Syria (Egypt)
*Distribution :Berseem is mainly valued as a winter crop in the
subtropics as it grows well in mild winter and recovers strongly
after cutting. It does not grow well under hot summer conditions.
It is cultivated from 35°N to the Tropics, from sea level up to 750
m (1500 m in North West Himalaya)
*Wild relatives : Trifolium berytheum
*Special botanical features :most important leguminous forages in
the Mediterranean region, Berseem has a shallow taproot. Its stems
are hollow, branching at the base, with alternate leaves bearing
broad leaflets, The fruit is a pod containing one single seed.
*Mode of pollination : Cross pollination

23. *Breeding methods : Inter-specific hybridization, Ploidy breeding,
Mutation breeding, composite selection.
*Two released variety : Jawahar Berseem 1, Pusa Giant

24. 14.Sugarcane
*Scientific name :Saccharum sp
*Chromosome number: Saccharum officinarum (2n = 80)
*Centre of origin: South pacific
*Distribution :This cane is suited to tropical conditions and requires
favourable soil and climate for its performance. The stems are
stout thick high in sucrose, low in fibre and with soft rind. The
noble canes are susceptible to most of the diseases. Some of the
earlier cultivars are Bourbon, Cheribon, noble canes.
*Wild relatives : S.spontaneum, S.robustum
*Special botanical features : inflorescence is open type (Arrow).
Sugarcane is a tall perennial tropical grass, which tillers at the
base to produce unbranched stems of 2-8 m tall, and of around
5cm in diameter. It could be called as giant grass. It is cultivated
for these thick stems or stalks or canes, from which the sugar is
extracted. Each set can be used for vegetative propagation and
there is rhizome roots.

25. *Mode of pollination : Cross pollination
* Breeding methods : Nobilisation in Sugar cane-In India, nobilisation
of local spontaneum was begun by Barber and Venkatraman in 1912
at SBI Coimbatore. At coimbatore crosses were initially made
between local strains of S.barberi (Which is unproductive but
adapted to climates of North India) and tropical noble cane (thick
soft stem, high sucrose content but unsuited to climates of North
India). Later on by crossing these resultant hybrid with wild cane
S.spontaneum. canes with high sucrose content suitable for North
India were evolved. In this way a large number of tri hybrid canes
were developed.
*Two released variety : Co 853, Co 62175

26. 15.Tomato
*Scientific name :Lycopersicon esculentum
*Chromosome number: 2n=2x=24
*Centre of origin: Peru and Mexico
*Distribution :Europe, USA, India, Japan and China. In India it is
grown in all the states
*Wild relatives : L. pimpinellifolium , L. peruvianum, resistant, L.
cheesmanii, L. hirsutum, L. pennellii
*Special botanical features :Seed-planted tomatoes develop a
taproot system, consisting of a strong central root that shoots deep
into the soil and smaller lateral roots that grow out of the main
root, near the top of the root. Tomatoes grown from cuttings
develop a fibrous root system, comprised of a series of small,
stringy roots that form a horizontal mat near the soil line.
*Mode of pollination : Self pollination

27. *Breeding methods :Pureline selection, Back cross method, Pedigree
method, Single seed decent method, Heterosis breeding, Mutation
breeding, Biotechnological methods: Breeding for resistance to
E.g., Transgenic variety “Flavr Savr” was developed for long shelf
life and transportation
*Two released variety : Pusa Ruby, Pusa Early Dwarf

28. 16.Chilli
*Scientific name : Capsicum annum
*Chromosome number: 2n=2x=24
*Centre of origin: Tropical America
*Distribution :Mainly cultivated in Brazil, Mexico, Spain South and
Central America China and India. In India, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and H.P etc.
*Wild relatives : Capsicum rhomboideum
*Special botanical features :Plant is a variable herb with shoot erect
and branched, strong tap root system, leaves simple, variable in
size, flowers borne singly, fruit is indehiscent many seeded
berry(thus breeding through esmaculation is effective)
*Mode of pollination : Self Pollination

29. *Breeding methods : Pure line selection: This method is applicable to
land races or local cultivars e.g., G1, Sindhu.
2. Pedigree method: involves selection of superior plants
following hybridization betweensuperior cultivars. e.g.,
Andhra jyothi, Pusa jwala
3. Backcross method
4. Heterosis breeding: The first hybrid in India was Bharat developed
by Indo-American hybrid seed company, Banglore (1973) followed by
several companies
5. Mutation breeding: Found to be effective and efficient breeding
tool in pepper.
6. Biotechnological methods:
*Two released variety : Andhra Jyothi, Pusa Jwala

30. 17.Onion
*Scientific name : Allium cepa
*Chromosome number: 2n=2x=16
*Centre of origin: Central Asia
*Distribution : Onion is widely distributed to China(world highest
production), USA, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Brazil, Russia,
Korea, India, etc,.
*Wild relatives : A. fistulosum, A. roylei and A. galanthum.
*Special botanical features :
*Biennial herb, Leaves are tubular,
*Bulbs are formed by attachment of swollen leaf base to underground part of
stem,
*Flowers are produced during second phase after bulb formation,
*Flowering structure : umbel
*Mode of pollination : Cross pollination

31. *Breeding methods : Hand emasculation and pollination, use of male
sterility line(CMS,CGMS)
*Two released variety : Pusa Sona, Pusa Sobha