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1. Images of Perseverance
By Noah Taylor

2. Columbus’ arrival
The Disembarkation of Christopher Columbus on the Island of
Guanahani in 1492 by Jose Garnelo y Alda
● A more accurate illustration of Columbus’ diplomatic
mission.
● Shift away from religious symbolism.

3. Indian Removal
● Elements of Coosa Mythology
○ Horned serpent
○ Balance
○ Two brothers
○ Brother moon
● Carving a future for themselves in
a new land

4. The Occupation of
Alcatraz Island
● Essentialization
○ Fight against American
racial norms
○ What does it mean to be an
American Indian?
Photo by Michelle Vignes

5. Balance
Native v. European diplomacy ● Balance in nature
● Elements of Coosa beliefs
● Essentialism
● (American racial divide)

6. Movement
● Caribbean (1492)
● Time of Day: Afternoon
● Trail of Tears (1828)
● Time of Day: Twilight
● San Francisco (1970s)
● Time of Day: Sunrise

7. Persistence
The continuous fight for survival, sovereignty and recognition

8. Sources and Inspirations
Hudson, Charles Melvin. Conversations with the High Priest of Coosa. The University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery.” Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association,
www.ushistory.org/documents/columbus.htm
Lowery, Malinda Maynor. The Lumbee Indians: an American Struggle. The University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
Denson, Andrew. Monuments to Absence: Cherokee Removal and the Contest over Southern Memory. University of North Carolina
Press, 2017.
Cobb, Daniel M.. Say We Are Nations: Documents of Politics and Protest in Indigenous America since 1887. The University of North
Carolina Press, 2015.