This document defines and describes several common special needs, including: - Autism spectrum disorder, which impacts social, emotional, and communication skills, as well as causes repetitive behaviors. Symptoms include difficulties with social interactions and eye contact. - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which makes it hard to pay attention and control impulses. Symptoms include distractibility, fidgeting, and impatience. - Down syndrome, which is a genetic disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21, resulting in physical delays, intellectual disabilities, and characteristic facial features. - Intellectual disability, characterized by below average intelligence and lack of daily living skills. Types include mild, moderate and

1. Prepared by:
Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd-GC
Psychology Instructor

2. Those who have one or more
chronic physical, developmental,
behavioral, or emotional
conditions.
They require health and related
services of a type or amount
beyond that is required
by children generally.

3. Special needs is a term used
in clinical diagnostic and
functional development to
describe individuals who
require assistance for
disabilities that may be
medical, mental, or
psychological.

4. 1. ADHD
2. ASD
3. Down Syndrome
4. Intellectual Disability
5. Learning Disability
6. Cerebral Palsy

5. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD is a disorder that makes it difficult
for a person to pay attention and control
impulsive behaviors. He or she may also
be restless and almost constantly active.
Symptoms begin in childhood, and can
continue through adolescence and
adulthood.
Types are:
1. Inattentive
2. Hyper-active-impulsive

6. Symptoms:
• Misses details
• Distracted easily
• Get bored quickly
• Have trouble focusing on a task
• Difficulty in organizing thoughts
• Loses things
• Don’t seem to listen
• Slow processing of information
• Have trouble following directions

7. Symptoms:
• Fidgeting
• Restlessness
• Have difficulty sitting still
• Talk constantly
• Cant resist touching and playing with
objects
• Noisy even when having activities
• Impatient
• Unaware about consequences of
actions
• Comments inappropriately

8. Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder is a condition
related to brain development that impacts
a person’s social, emotional and
communication skills. The disorder also
includes limited and repetitive patterns of
behavior.
There is often nothing about how people
with ASD looks like.
Their IQ can range from gifted to severely
challenged.

9. • Do not point at objects even when intended
to;
• Do not look at objects when another
person points at them;
• Trouble relating to others;
• Avoids eye contact;
• Unaware of others’ feelings;
• Hates hugging or cuddling;
• Very slow to respond;
• Echolalia – repeating others’ words or
phrases;
• Trouble expressing their needs;
• Repetitive actions;
• Unusual reactions to what they smell, hear,
taste, feel and look.

10. Trisomy 21
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder
caused by the presence of all or part of a
third copy of chromosome 21. This case is
primarily caused by faulty cell division.
It is usually associated with physical
growth delays, mild to moderate
intellectual disability, and characteristic
facial features.
This case is lifelong, and they can also
shorten life expectancy.

11. • Poor muscle tone
• Short neck, with excess skin at the
back of the neck
• Flattened facial profile and nose
• Small head, ears, and mouth.
• Upward slanting eyes, often with a skin
fold that comes out from the upper
eyelid and covers the inner corner of
the eye.
• Impulsive behavior
• Poor judgment
• Short attention span
• Slow learning capabilities

12. Mental Retardation
Intellectual disability (ID), is
characterized by below-average
intelligence or mental ability and a lack of
skills necessary for day-to-day living.
People with intellectual disabilities can
and do learn new skills, but they learn
them more slowly.
Types:
1. Mild MR
2. Moderate MR
3. Profound MR

13. Mild.
IQ level of 51-70. (Educable) - Mental Age
8-12; learn to approximately 6th grade
level.
Moderate.
IQ level of 26-50. (Trainable) - Mental Age
5-8; cannot learn academic subjects in
school.
Profound.
IQ level of 0-25. Many require life-long
care and supervision and are often
confined to institutions.
Normal IQ: 85-115
Deficient IQ: 71-84

14. A neurological disorder in one of the
basic psychological processes involved
in understanding and using language,
written words; and arithmetic concepts.
A person with learning disability may
exhibit difficulties in reading, writing,
and understanding mathematical
concepts.
Learning disability is not caused by
physical or mental illness, economic
condition or cultural background.

15. 1. Dyslexia – a.k.a reading
disorder, trouble
understanding written words.
2. Dyscalculia – difficulty in doing
and grasping numerical
concepts.
3. Dysgraphia – a writing
disability in which a person
finds it hard to form letters,
write within a defined space.

16. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a
disorder of movement,
muscle tone and posture.
It is caused by damage that
occurs to the immature,
developing brain, most often
before birth.

17. • Variations in muscle tone;
• Stiff muscles;
• Exaggerated reflexes;
• Tremors;
• Difficulty in swallowing;
• Difficulty in speaking;
• Difficulty in walking or not
walking at all;
• Visual and hearing impairment;
• Seizure.

18. Thank you for paying
attention.