Lesson in Understanding the Self and Biology

1. Contraception Methods
Prepared by:
Orlando A. Pistan, MAEd-GC
Psychology Instructor

2. Terms to Remember
Contraception (birth control)
prevents pregnancy by
interfering with the normal
process of ovulation,
fertilization, and implantation.
Ovulation refers to the
discharging of ovum from the
ovary.
Fertilization is the fusion of
male and female gametes.
Implantation is the attachment
of blastocyst into the wall of the
uterus.

3. Purpose of Contraception
Birth control (contraception)
is designed to interfere with
the normal process and
prevent the pregnancy that
could result.
Each method has its own side
effects and risks.
Some methods are more
reliable than others.

4. Natural Method
Does not involve any
chemicals or foreign body
introduction into the human
body.
Commonly used by religion-
conscious people.
Preferred by many because it
is cost-effective.

5. Natural Methods
Abstinence
Calendar method
Basal Body Temperature
Cervical mucus method
Symptothermal method
Ovulation detection
Coitus interruptus

6. Abstinence
Involves refraining from
sexual intercourse and is the
most effective natural birth
control method with ideally
0% fail rate.
Best way to avoid STI’s.
However, most people find it
difficult to comply with it. So
only few use this method.

7. Calendar Method
Also known as Rhythm method.
It entails withholding from
coitus during the days that the
female is fertile.
According to it, females are
likely to conceive 3 or 4 days
before; and 3 or 4 days after
ovulation.
6 months recording of menstrual
cycle is needed in order to
calculate safe days.

8. Basal Body Temperature
(BBT)
BBT is a body temperature at
complete rest. When a female
ovulates, BBT rises slightly.
After ovulation, progesterone
rises. It causes a slight increase
in body temperature. The shift
upwards caused by ovulation is
at least four-tenths.
Ex. 98.2 – 98.6
Charting is important. If this
change stays around at least 3
days, ovulation occurred.

9. Cervical Mucus Method
During ovulation, cervical
mucus is thin and watery.
Peak of ovulation gives the
cervical mucus its
Spinnbarkeit property. It
means it can be stretched up
at least an inch and is
slippery.

10. Symptothermal Method
Basically a combination of the
BBT method and the cervical
mucus method.
Female’s should abstain from
coitus upon the increase in
BBT and changes in cervical
mucus.

11. Ovulation Detection
Uses an over-the-counter kit
that requires the urine sample
of the female. The kit can
predict ovulation through the
surge of luteinizing hormone
(LH) in the urine that
happens 12 to 24 hours before
ovulation.
LH triggers the ovaries to
release an egg.

12. Coitus Interruptus
One of the oldest methods
that prevents conception. A
couple still goes on coitus, but
the male withdraws his organ
out of the vagina before he
emits the semen and sperms.
Disadvantage is the pre-
ejaculation which also
contains few sperms.

13. Artificial Methods
Involve any chemicals or
foreign body introduction
into the human body.
Uses method and devices to
prevent pregnancy.

14. Artificial Methods
Oral contraceptives
Transdermal patch
Vaginal ring
Subdermal implants
Hormonal injections
IUD
Chemical barriers
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Male condom
Female condom
Surgical methods

15. Oral Contraceptives
Also known as the pill which
contain synthetic estrogen
and progesterone.
Estrogen suppresses FSH and
LH to prevent ovulation.
Progesterone decreases the
permeability of the cervical
mucus to limit the sperms’
access to the ova.
Taken upon the advice of a
medical doctor.

16. Oral Contraceptives side
effects:
Intermenstrual spotting
Nausea
Breast tenderness
Headaches and migraine
Weight gain
Mood changes
Missed periods
Decreased libido

17. Transdermal Patch
Contains both estrogen and
progesterone. The female
should apply one path every
week for 3 weeks on the
following areas: upper outer
arm, upper torso, abdomen or
buttocks.
No patch is applied at the 4th
week because the menstrual
flow would occur.

18. Vaginal Ring
The ring releases a
combination of estrogen and
progesterone ang it surrounds
the cervix.
This silicon ring is inserted
into the female genital and
remains there for 3 weeks and
then removed on the 4th week
as the menstrual flow would
occur.

19. Subdermal Implants
2 rod-like implants inserted
under the skin of the female
during her menses or on the
seventh day of her
menstruation to make sure
that she will not get pregnant.
The implants are made with
etonogestrel, desogestrel and
progestin and can be helpful
for 3 to 5 years.

20. Hormonal Injections
Contains progesterone which
is usually given once every 12
weeks intramuscularly.
The injection causes changes
in the endometrium and
cervical mucus and can help
prevent ovulation.

21. Intra Uterine Device (IUD)
A small, T-shaped object
containing copper that is
inserted into the uterus via the
female’s genital.
It prevents fertilization by
creating a local sterile
inflammatory condition to
prevent implantation of the
zygote. It also thickens the
mucus of the cervix to prevent
sperms from reaching an egg.
Effectivity takes 5 to 7 years.

22. Chemical Barriers
Gels and creams which are
used to cause death of sperms
before they can enter the
cervix.
Spermicide is a contraceptive
substance that destroys
sperm, applied prior to sexual
intercourse.

23. Diaphragm
A circular, rubber disk that fits
the cervix and should be placed
before coitus.
Works by inhibiting the entrance
of the sperm into the cervix.
This works well with chemical
barriers.
Fitted by physicians only, and
must remain in place for 6 hours
after coitus.

24. Cervical Cap
A soft rubber fitted on the rim
of the cervix. It is shaped like
a thimble with a thin rim.
Could stay in place for not
more than 48 hours.

25. Male Condom
A latex rubber sheath that is
placed on the erect male’s
genital before penetration.
It traps sperms during
ejaculation.
This can prevent STI’s.
Has a typical fail rate of 15%
due to a break in the sheath.

26. Female Condom
A latex rubber sheath that are
pre-lubricated with
spermicide.
Bound by 2 rings.
Used to prevent fertilization
of the egg by the sperm cells.

27. Surgical Method
Vasectomy
A surgical procedure where
the vas deferens are cut,
preventing the passage of
sperm from the testes to the
penis. And remember, while
it may sound scary, the risks
of a vasectomy are minimal.

28. Surgical Method
Tubal Ligation
Tubal ligation is surgery
women can get to "tie”
their fallopian tubes. It's a
type of female sterilization.
The goal is to prevent eggs
from traveling from the
ovaries to the uterus, so you
can't get pregnant.

29. Contraception Methods
Thank you for
paying attention.