These slides are for the teaching and learning purposes specially designed to benefit 0 level students

1. Ms Asma AkbarAli
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2. Resources that are available without any
human interference.
Example
 Water
 Forests
 Fish
 Mineral resources
 Air /atmosphere
 Sun ( solar)
 Soil
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3. Nonrenewable resources
These are those resources that take a long time to make
and cannot be re-made at a rate or phase at which they are
being consumed. Example Mineral resources
whereas
Renewable resources
These are those resources that take short time to remake
or replenish and therefore are being produced at an equal
or at a faster phase then they are being consumed.
Example solar energy from the sun, air in the atmosphere
etc
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5. 1.The Indus System
It is the Indus and its eastern tributaries which is largest source of
water in Pakistan. It is regularly filled up through melting glaciers
and seasonal rain. It cuts through the middle of Pakistan passing
through Punjab and Sindh ending into the Arabian sea ( external
area)
2.The rivers of Baluchistan
These are the western tributaries of the Indus that are small in
length and width compared to the eastern tributaries.These rivers
carry lower volume of water then the eastern tributaries and are
filled up by the melting glaciers in summers that flow into small
depressions that makeup the Hamuns .These water flow only
internally on the land of Baluchistan
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7. Rivers
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Importance of Rivers to
Pakistan
1.Generate Hydro electricity
2.Increases fertility of the land by
eroding and depositing alluvium and
organic material
3.Fishing and fish farms are developed
4.Water used for domestic, industrial
and agriculture purposes
5.Irrigation system is developed by
building canals and dams and
barrages
6.Scenic beauty
7.Water can be extended to the arid
areas or invisible drought areas

8. Ground water is water underneath the Earth's surface;
beneath hills, mountains, plains, and deserts. Due to the
gravity water runs downwards and that is why water from
precipitation seeps down through the soil until it reaches
rock material that is saturated with water ( aquifer)
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10. 1.The water table is not at the same level everywhere, it varies
due to the area’s topographical, seasonal & climatic influence.
2.Water is accessed in most areas of Pakistan through
conventional and modern methods like shallow wells, tube
wells, and Karez system. Ground water can be sweet or saline.
It is sweet when it is near the source of rivers but it becomes
saline when it is away from the river water.
3.Ground water in urban areas ,cities like Karachi is not fit for
human consumption due to the seepage of toxic and sewage
contamination.
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(Cottage)

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16. Pakistan has the largest irrigation system in the world .
Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to agricultural
fields or land.
Why Irrigation system is required ?
1. High variability in distribution (Arid areas)
2. Non reliability in-terms of amount duration and
timings
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17. Three fourth of agricultural land is feed by canal water.
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Unlined canals lined canals

18. TRADITIONAL CANALS
1.Inundation canals are
taken off from large
rivers and are filled with
water only when the river
has high water level
2.Diversion channels are
narrow version of the
inundation canals
MODERN CANALS
1.Perennial canal are drawn from
the dams and barrages so that
water can flow throughout the
year
2.Link canals are taken from
active rivers, dams or other
canals to link with dried or low
level canals with the purpose
of activating or highering the
water level of those canals
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19. LIST OF CONVENTIONAL
METHODS
1. Shaduf
2.Charsa
3. PersianWheel
4.Karez in Baluchistan
5. Tank in lower sindh
Canal Irrigation
1. Inundation canals
2.Diversion channels
LIST OF MODERN METHODS
1. Tube wells
2.Sprinklers
 drip sprinklers
3. Tankers
Canal Irrigation
1. Perennial canals
2. Link canals
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Shaduf
Charsa

21. Persian wheel
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Karez system is still in practice in
Baluchistan

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Tube well Sprinkler Drip sprinkler

23. Dam are reservoirs that are constructed across a river and
primarily used to store water. Medium and Large dams are
used to generate electricity.
There are approximately 150 dams in Pakistan. Dams that
are below 15 meters in height are small sized and those
above 15 meters to 100 meters are medium sized. Dams
that are above 100 meters in height are large dams
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Tarbela – Large Dam Mangla- Large Dam Warsak- Medium sized
Located in Haripur on river
Indus , It is 143.26 meters or
470 ft in height
Built 1974
Located in Mirpur district
on river Jhelum , it is 138
meters or 453 ft in height
Built in 1967
Located in Peshawar on
river Kabul, it is 76.2 meters
in height
Built in 1960
Irrigates approximate
372,000 square miles
(964,261 sq.kms) of land
Has capacity to produce
4,888 megawatts
of electricity
Irrigates 3 million acres (1.2
million hectares) of land
Has capacity to produce
1,000 megawatts of
electricity
Irrigates the food crops and
fruit orchards in the
Peshawar valley
Capacity to produce
240,000 kilowatts of
electricity.

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A barrage is a type of low-head, diversion dam which consists
of a number of large gates that can be opened or closed to
control the amount of water passing through.This allows the
structure to regulate and stabilize river water elevation
upstream for use in irrigation and other systems.
Barrages in Pakistan
Indus River
Jinnah Barrage Chashma BarrageTaunsa Barrage Guddu Barrage
Sukkur Barrage Kotri Barrage
Jhelum River
Rasul BarrageTrimmu Barrage Upper Jhelum Canal (Mangla
Dam)

29. Both are built across large bodies of water to control the water level. However, they have very different
construction processes and uses.
 A dam is a barrier that is constructed across a river valley or water source. A dam creates a deep
reservoir of water that can be stored and used at a later date. These uses can include irrigation,
water supply or even electricity generation. A dam is usually an impressive feat of construction, as
its sheer height is what keeps the water from moving up and over it. Unlike a barrage, a dam is
built for the sole purpose of storing water and to raise the level of water contained within it.
 A barrage is a type of dam; however, instead of being a massive concrete wall that the water
can’t flow over, the barrage is full of gates. These gates are opened and closed to directly control
the amount of water that passes through it.The flow and level of water are easily monitored
because the gates can be easily manipulated. A barrage is constructed when water doesn’t need to
be stored but rather diverted. For this reason, the barrage is usually built across a flat and relatively
slow-moving river. Unlike a dam, which will raise waters nearly to its height, a barrage will only
raise the water level by a few feet.This is also useful for navigation, because a barrage can increase
the depth of a river by a few feet.
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31. Advantages /benefits
1. Tube well faster and deeper
2. Large areas will be irrigated
3. Human and animal efforts will be saved
4. Animals can fall sick or die whereas tube well has a guarantee
for usage ( by company)
5. Tube well can save water evaporation
6. Pump out more water in limited time
7. Land area covered for tube well required is less than Persian well
8. Tube well can be used to prevent water logging
Challenges
Cost for installing and maintenance because tube-wells run on
electricity or diesel
Technical skills will be required to be learnt
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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Total-water-consumption-by-different-sectors-in-pakistan_fig1_275964934
- published January 2015

33.  With the expected population of
263 million in the year 2050,
Pakistan needs to put genuine
idea into how it will give
sufficient water to agribusiness,
industry, and human utilization
even with quickly diminishing
stores.
 The convenient way to prevent
wastage in agriculture is lining
of water canals.
 Domestic wastage can be
prevented through individual
responsibility - by changing
human behaviours and
participate for conservation of
water
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