The document discusses various modes of transportation in Pakistan. It describes land transportation including traditional methods like bullock carts as well as the modern railway and road systems. It outlines the railway network and gauges, as well as challenges like outdated infrastructure. Road transportation is also analyzed, comparing highways, motorways and their advantages like flexibility but also disadvantages like traffic congestion. Air, water and pipeline transportation are briefly covered as well. The document provides a comprehensive overview of Pakistan's transportation systems, the infrastructure that supports different modes, and their benefits and limitations.

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2. TRANSPORT SYSTEM
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Environment of Pakistan
2059/2
Ms. Asma Akbar Ali
Educationist

3. Introduction
Transport is when humans, animals and goods
move or are moved from one place to another.
Known as Passenger and freight
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Transportation
Passenger Freight

4. Modes of Transport
1. Land (Road & Rail)
2. Air
3. Water
4. pipelines
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5. Traditional Transport
Traditional , elephants, horses, donkeys and
buffaloes have been used as land transport.
Bullock carts, pulled by buffaloes and bullocks,
are still in use today.
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6. Examples of Traditional Transportation
1. Wooden rafts and boats for rivers, lakes
2. Animal Carts
3. Snow Sledges
4. Camels
5. Horse
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8. Railway System in Pakistan
1. Administered by Federal Ministry of Railways . It has
228 passenger trains and 200 freight /cargo stations
2. Since 1993, The Pakistan locomotive Factory at
Risalpur manufactures Railway engines, bogies and
spare parts , It can produce two diesel-electric
locomotives per month
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9. Railway Gauges
Gauge is the width of a railway track. This is kept in
accordance to the distance between the wheels of the
railway engine.
Three gauges are
1. Broad
2. Meter
3. Narrow
The trains can only run on its respective gauge size and
this mixture of gauges has caused the inability of the
train system to function efficiently
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10. Type of Tracks
 Single-track railway are trains that share same track
for going both directions. So only one train at a time
 Double-track railway has two track one for each
direction
(coming and going track)
 The diesel-electric locomotives can run on any track
but also have its own tracks.
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11. Advantages of Using Railway Services
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1. Less disrupt than road transport
The trains that run on one track are usually not disrupted as
is the case with road that gets congested due to the traffic
and has to slow or divert its journey till the traffic is
cleared.
2. Economical for bulky goods
There is more passenger and cargo room in train bogies
than road (e.g. lorry or buses or cars) . The cost of cargo
is comparatively lower in train that the road. Moreover
because it is stocked inside the cargo bogies there is
lesser risk of damage and theft.

12. Contd… Advantages of Using Railway
Services
3.Safer and comfortable for long distances
There is convenience for passengers because there are
sleeping berths and washroom services and bogies for
family . Food is available and sold inside the trains .
There are less jerk or bumps as compared to Road
Transport.
4. Protection from Damage
The cargo is protected from sun, rain, wind, dust, etc. The
trains operate regularly.
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13. Disadvantages/Difficulties of Railway System
1. No door-to-door service ,only loads and off loads at
railway stations and cannot stop at intermediary points.
2. Service utility
Slower then the road transport. Trains follow travel
schedule that cannot be changed moreover stations are
mainly Located far from cities so there is dependency for
connecting road transportation to reach destination.
In long journey there is risk of theft when travelling
through isolated areas because there is limited policing or
security systems .
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14. Inefficiency of the railway Systems
1. Old worn out tracks
2. Mismanagement of funds
3. Operational inefficiency
4. Corruption & Overstaffing
5. Poor reservation system
6. Lack of technical staff
7. Limited maintenance
8. Lack of up-gradation
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15. Karachi Circular Railway
Project
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KCR is a non-functional public transit
system which served 1969 to 1999
Revival efforts : Several feasibility
studies have been conducted and
announcements that have seen no success.
Timeline of announcements
24 March2003
09 March 2005
30 April 2010
09 April 2012
08 August 2012
30 September 2017
18 January 2018
20 February 2020
Overview
Transit type Commuter
rail
Number of
lines
3
Number of
stations
23 rail
Headquarter
s
Karachi,
System
length
50 Km
Track gauge 1,676 mm (5
ft 6 in)

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17. Road Transport
It is either Carpeted or Uncarpeted. Modern
cemented roads are also called paved roads
where as the old tracks are the Muddy unpaved
roads
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18. Advantages of Road Transport
1. Faster than railway, cheaper and quicker for shorter
distances – e.g. bicycle, rickshaws, bikes etc so
affordable than rail
2. Delivers Door to Door
3. It is flexible available round the clock service – no
fixed schedules like railway e.g. emergency
ambulances, taxis.
4. Can use extensive road networks both paved and
unpaved even on rugged landscape like the route from
Islamabad to Murree.
5. Private and public services is available whereas trains
are not privately owned ,Open up employment
opportunities e.g. TCS, Bullock carts, Careem andMs Asma Akbar Ali 18

19. Challenges /Disadvantages of Road Transport
1. It can be disturbed , delayed or stopped due to
congestion of traffic and can be delayed or stopped by
climate and weather conditions- fogs, land slides,
snowfall can block roads for days and months
2. The cost varies depending on the fuel price, It
becomes expensive for long distances
3. It cannot drive safely through mountainous areas.
4. Creates pollution- affects health of people and scenic
beauty of the area.
5. Prone to accidents due to different modes and types
of transporters on the road
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20. Motorway Highway
6-lanes or 4 lanes One lane or 2 lanes
Fuel and filling stations Fuel & Filling Stations
Traffic Interchanges /intersections No Traffic interchanges /
Inter sections
Fixed speed e.g. heavy transport
vehicles 80 -100/km/h
120/km/h for light transport
No Fixed Speed limit
Flyover, Underpass & Service road Only Service roads
No U – turn, No Railway crossing U – Turns and Railway
Crossing
Motorway Police Highway Police
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Modern Road Ways

21. National Highways (NHA )
Name Route Length in
KM
N- 5
National
Highway /GT
Road
From Karachi to Turkham ( last town in Pakistan
Afghanistan border) via Lahore and Peshawar
1756
N – 25
RCD Highway
Karachi to Khuzdar and Quetta to Chaman 813
N – 35
Karakoram
Highway
Extends from Hassanabdal to Khunjerab and to
Xinjiang in china via Gilgit
806
N -55
Indus HighWay
Connects the districts on the west side of the river
Indus. Karachi to Peshawar via Kotri, Shikarpur,
DG khan and Kohat
1264
N-10
Makran Coastal
Highway
Karachi to Gwadar 653
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22. Motorways
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Motorways Route
M - 1 Peshawar to Islamabad
M – 2 Islamabad to Lahore
M - 3 Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad
M – 4 Faisalabad to Multan
M- 5 Multan – Dera Ghazi Khan ( Not Completed
)
M - 9 Hyderabad to Karachi

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National Highway

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Motorway

25. Total Road Network
The total road-network in Pakistan is about 263,415 kms.
 9,324 kms. (3.53%) is National Highways
 2,280 kms is Motorways (0.87%)
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26. Modern Road System
1. Lahore Metro Bus
2. Lyari Express Way project
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28. Air Transport System – Pakistan Civil Aviation
Authority
Air is the fasted and most efficient mode of transport
Airports in Pakistan
1. Jinnah International Airport - Karachi
2. Benazir Bhutto International Airport – Islamabad
3. Allama Iqbal International Airport – Lahore
4. Peshawar International Airport -Peshawar
5. Quetta International Airport – Quetta
6. Multan International Airport – Multan
7. Gwadar International Airport – Gwadar
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29. Advantages of Air Transport
1. It is the fast speed means of transport, and it carries
urgent, perishable goods or high value and low volume
cargo.
2. It has long term investment because railways and road
transport need regular maintenance on construction and
maintenance of road whereas Air needs no construction
of routes
3. The cargo is safely locked in the separate storage and a
strict system of screening and packing is followed which
makes it safe
4. It is free from physical barriers like mountains, rivers
and valleys
5. Preferred mode for Natural and medical emergencyMs Asma Akbar Ali 29

30. Disadvantages /Challenges of Air Transport
1. Air transport is a costly service due to the dependency on high
cost fuel , and the services offered are also high cost and
luxurious which makes its travel cost expensive and not
affordable by all.
2. Air transport is prone to accidents since it requires high technical
operational management even a small mistake can cause large
damage e.g. crash
3. There is risk of hijacking and therefore it requires very technically
efficient security system
4. The schedules are affected by weather conditions and flights are
delayed and export deliveries can be delayed that leads to poor
reputation and hence reduction in International relations ( trade)
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32. Water Transport System
Ship transport is mainly used for long routes and non-
perishable cargo and it is mainly international since it
connects the trading countries through its water way.
Many variety of heavy cargo and other chemicals,
petroleum products such as coal, iron ore, are transported
by this mode.
Commercial shipping is operated by
Karachi Port Trust (KPT) and Pakistan National shipping
Co-orporation (PNSC)
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33. Sea Ports
Major Ports
1. Karachi Port
2. Port Qasim
3. Gawadar Port
Other Ports
1. Ormara
2. Jiwani
3. Pasni
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34. Advantages of Ship transport
1. Low cost because the water way are natural highway
which do not require any construction and maintenance.
Moreover, the cost of operation of the inland water
transport is much lower compared to the other means and
thus it is the cheapest mode of transport .
2. It can large quantity ,heavy and bulky cargo
3. It is a safer means of transport because the risks of
accidents and breakdowns is very less.
4. Refrigerating and other facilities are available so it is
used for export of canned fishes, which is a value added
good
5. Containerization is done therefore cargo is not damaged
6. It is not effected by climate and also Arabian sea/warm
water route is open throughout the year.Ms Asma Akbar Ali 34

35. Disadvantages of Ship Transport
1. Slowest mode of transport and therefore it cannot
be used for urgent transportation
2. It can only load and offload at the ports and so it is
dependent on land transport to deliver at
destination
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37. Pipeline Transport
1. Pipeline transport is used to transport Liquids and
gases or any other chemically stable substance like
crude and refined petroleum and fuels such as natural
gas and bio-fuels including sewage, slurry, and water.
2. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for drinking
or irrigation over long distances
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38. Advantages of
Pipelines
1. can be laid through
difficult terrains as well
as under water.
2. It involves very low
energy consumption
and little maintenance
is required .
3. Are safe, accident-free
and environmental
friendly.
Disadvantages of
pipelines
1. Used only for a few fixed
points and its capacity
cannot be increased once it
is laid.
2. It is difficult to make
security arrangements for
pipelines.
3. Underground pipelines
cannot be easily repaired
and detection of leakage is
difficult.
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PRACTICE AND LEARN

40. Comparison on Modes of Transport
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PRACTICE AND LEARN