o level pakistan studies p2 water

1. MADE BY
SAADAN ASHRAF
0-2

2. 
 A natural resource (renewable)
 DAMS AND BARRAGES ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR STORAGE
 Results in the chain of hydrological cycle
INTRODUCTION

3.  IRRIGATION THROUGH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
 USED FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES (DRINKING, COOKING ETC)
 DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES USE (PHARMACEUTICALS, TANNING, FOOD,
THERMAL POWER PLANTS)
 HEP IS PRODUCED
 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ALSO USES
USES/IMPORTANCE

4.  ARTIFICIAL SUPPLY OF WATER IS CALLED IRRIGTAION
 OLD METHODS ARE : SHADUF, CHARSA, PERSIAN WHEEL, KAREZ,
INUNDATION CANALS AND TANK IRRIGATION
• SHADUF USES A POLE WITH WEIGHT ATTACHED TO A BUCKET
• CHARSA USES ANIMAL POWER TO OBTAIN WATER
• PERSIAN WHEEL COMPRISES OF 2 WHEELS; ONE IS HORIZONTAL WHILE
THE OTHER IS VERTTICAL; WATER IS PULLED FROM A WELL
• KAREZ IS PRACTISED BY DIGGING UNDERGROUND CANALS TO COLLECT
WATER FROM FOOTHILLS OF MOUNTAINS
• INUNDATION CANALS ARE LINKED WITH RIVERS(OVERFLOW)
• TANKS ARE BUILT TO COLLECT RAINFALL IN LOWER SINDH
IRRIGATION

5. 
 MODERN METHODS INCLUDE: PERENNIAL CANALS, TUBEWELLS,
SPRINKLERS, TANKERS
• PERENNIAL CANALS ARE LINKED TO DAMS AND BARRAGES TO
PROVIDE WATER ALLROUND THE YEAR
• TUBEWELLS USE MOTORS TO PUMP WATER UPWARDS FROM 92
METRES
• SPRINKLERS ARE CONNECTED TO WATER SUPPLY PIPES; EQUALLY
DISTRIBUTE WATER; NOT USED MUCH DUE TO EXPENSIVENESS
• TANKERS COLLECT WATER FROM LAKES AND PROVIDE TO HOUSES
AND FIELDS
IRRIGATION

7. 
 IN 1948, INDIA THREATENED TO STOP SUPPLY OF RAVI AND
SUTLEJ RIVER; IN 1960, TREATY WAS SIGNED AND PAKISTAN
WAS GIVEN CONTROL OF INDUS, JHELUM AND CHENAB
RIVERS
 MANGLA AND TARBELA DAMS WERE BUILT UNDER THIS
TREATY
INDUS WATER TREATY

8. 
 2 RIVER SYSTEMS: INDUS AND BALOCHISTAN
 INDUS IS THE LARGEST RIVER
 INDUS SYSTEM IS AT EAST; SUTLEJ, RAVI, CHENAB & JHELUM ARE
MAIN TRIBUTARIES
 IN SUMMER, MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE OF RIVER IS HIGH DUE TO
MELTING OF SNOW
RIVER SYSTEMS

9. 
 WESTERN INDUS OR BALOCHISTAN RIVERS ARE SWAT, KABUL,
TOCHI, GOMAL AND KURRAM
 THEY ARE MUCH SMALLER THAN EASTERN INDUS
 THEY ONLY FLOW DURING MONSOON(JULY TO SEPT)
 LITTLE VALUE FOR IRRIGATION
RIVER SYSTEMS

10. 
 ONLY 2 LARGE DAMS IN PAKISTAN (+15 METRES TALL): TARBELA AND
MANGLA
 BARRAGES CAN BE BUILT ON FLAT LAND
 9 BARRAGES: CHASHMA, GUDDU, TAUNSA , MARALA, RASUL,
QADIRABAD, JINNAH, SUKKUR AND KOTRI.
 ALL ARE ON RIVER INDUS EXCEPT QADIRABAD AND MARALA (BOTH
ON CHENAB)
DAMS AND
BARRAGES

11. 
 FINE PARTICLES OF SOIL ARE CALLED SILT
 SILT FROM GLACIERS AND THROUGH DEFORESTATION
BLOCKS CANALS AND DAMS WHICH RESULTS IN LOW
PRODUCTION OF HEP
 IT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY: INSTALLATION OF SILT TRAPS,
AFFORESTATION AND CEMENTATION OF CANALS FOR EASIER
CLEANING
SILTATION

12. 
 THE RISE OF WATER TABLE TO SURFACE IS WATERLOGGING AND
APPEARANCE OF SALTY PATCHES IS CALLED SALINITY
 IT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY: LINING OF CANALS, USAGE WHEN
NEEDED OF CANALS, PLANTING OF EUCALYPTUS TREES TO
ABSORB WATER AND USAGE OF TUBEWELLS TO LOWER WATER
TABLE
 SCARP (SALINITY CONTROL AND RECLAMATION PROJECT) WAS SET
UP IN 1959 TO SOLVE THIS issue
Waterlogging
salinity

13. 
 Dumping of industrial and agricultural waste causes water
pollution
 Waste flows in drains and passes from rivers to sea
 Oil seepage from ships also causes great pollution in Karachi
Water pollution