5. 5
•A dam is a barrier that impounds
water or underground steams.
•Dams generally serve the primary
purpose of retaining water, while
other structures such
as floodgates or levees (also
known as dikes) are used to
manage or prevent water flow into
specific land regions.
•Hydropower and pumped-storage
hydroelectricity are often used in
conjunction with dams to generate
electricity.
•A dam can also be used to collect
water or for storage of water
which can be evenly distributed
between locations.
What is
Dam?
6. Watertight
Sufficient
Strength
Releasing
Water
Flood Water
Flow
How Does Dam
Work?
A dam must be watertight so that
water does not leak out of the
dam and escape downstream.
A dam wall must have
sufficient strength to stand permanently
under its own weight especially when at
least part of the dam wall is saturated
with water and to resist the water
pressure in the lake upstream of the
dam.
A dam must have some way of
releasing water in controlled amounts
as it is needed an outlet valve of some
type.
A dam must have some means whereby
these large volumes of flood water can
flow around the dam without causing
damage to the dam itself. 6
11. Storage Capacity of
350×106 m3
producing up to 250,000
tons a day of tailings
Embankment ratio about
4:1
Syncrude Tailings Dam,
Canada
Holding 11,600,000
acre feet of water
Discharge capacity
of 18,406 cubic
meters/s
The main dam wall
stretching 2,743
meters
Tarbela Dam, Pakistan
SOME OF THE WORLD’S GREATEST DAMS
11
12. Why Dam is
Important?
To provide
a supply of
water for towns,
cities and
mining sites
To generate
electricity in
hydro-electric
power
stations
To help control
or mitigate
floods في يساعد
التخفيف أو السيطرة
الفياضانات حدة من
To provide a
supply of
water for the
irrigation of
crops
12
14. What is a Bridge?
A bridge is a structure built to span physical
obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road,
for the purpose of providing passage over the
obstacle.
14
15. Fluid
Travelling
to mid-
span
Varying
Loads
Pinned
Connection
معلق تصالإ
Horizontal
Sideway
Direction
As the hydraulic fluid is
pushed under pressure, the
fluid travels through pipes
eventually leading to a
vertical shaft leading to the
mid-span of the bridge.
A bridge has the ability to
handle varying loads
(wind/ice) and possesses
smooth acceleration and
deceleration
In Arch based
bridges the main
forces are directed in
a horizontal
sideways direction.
In arch bridges at
the midpoint of the
arch there is a
pinned connection,
essentially making it
a three hinged arch
How Does a
Bridge Work?
15
24. A culvert is a structure that
allows water to flow under
a road, railroad, trail, or
similar obstruction.
Typically embedded so as
to be surrounded by soil, a
culvert may be made from
a pipe, reinforced concrete
or other material.
What is a CULVERT?
24
25. Types of culverts
Box culvert
Arch culvert
Pipe culvert
Bridge culvert
Pipe Single or Multiple
Pipe Arch Single or Multiple
Box Culvert Single or Multiple
Bridge Culvert
Arch Culvert.
25
26. Roadway
Overtopping
Inlet and
Outlet
Control
Performance
Curves
For inlet control, the control section is
at the upstream end of the barrel,
whereas for outlet control, it is at the
downstream end of the culvert
Roadway
overtopping deals
with the rising of
headwater to the
elevation of the
roadway
The culvert
performance curve is
made up of the
controlling portions of
the inlet, outlet and
roadway overtopping
performance curve
26
30. Carrying
traffic
Safe
Passag
e in
arable
farm
Conveyin
g Water
Culvert is used to form a
bridge-like structure to carry
traffic.
Culvert is used to
convey water from one
area to another, usually
from one
side of a road to the
other side.
Culvert is an
integral part of
any arable farm
providing a safe
passage over
ditch fields into
arable fields
The Uses of
Culvert
30
32. What is Sluice
Gate?
A sluice gate is a mechanism
used to cut off or obstruct the
passage of a fluid, normally
water. They have three main
parts: a gate, a frame and a
power mechanism. They can be
designed for different loads of
water and operating heights,
according to the requirements of
the installation.
A gate
A power
mechanism
A frame
32
33. Threaded rod
system
Hydraulic System
Manual Raise and
Lowering
Electrically driven
hoisting system
How Does
Sluice Gate
Work?
Many sluice gates are moved by
means of a threaded rod system,
which needs to be regularly
cleaned and greased.
When gates are used in applications
with a large amount of water
pressure, they are raised and lowered
by hydraulic systems to control the
sluice gate flow.
Sometimes in smaller uses,
such as in cranberry bogs,
the gates are raised and
lowered manually.
At other times than manual, an
electrically-driven hoisting
system is used.
33
40. What is an AQUEDUCT?
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to
convey water. The term aqueduct is used for any
system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other
structures used for this purpose. The simplest
aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth.
Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines.
40
47. 47
Siphon refer to a wide variety of
devices that involve the flow of
liquids through tubes, but in the
narrower sense it refers
specifically to a tube in an
inverted U-shape which causes
a liquid to flow uphill, above the
surface of the reservoir, without
pumps, powered by the fall of the
liquid as it flows down the tube
under the pull of gravity and is
discharged at a level lower than
the surface of the reservoir
whence it came.
What is Siphon?
48. Bernoulli’s
Principle
Unlike a
Manometer
Energy
Difference
A restatement of
conservation of energy
principle in that the sum
of all energy at any
given point in the siphon
flow is constant.
Operates as a
measurement of two
pressures in static balance
when the inlet and the
outlet are at the same
level.
A siphon works because
gravitational potential energy
difference between liquid in the
upper reservoir and lower reservoir
leaves reduced pressure at the top
of the siphon proportional to the
height differences. 48
How Siphon
Works?
53. Evacuating Water
Transferring Water
Waterworks and Industry
Self-constructed
siphons, made of pipes
or tubes, can be used to
evacuate water from
cellars after flooding.
Siphoning is common in
irrigated fields to transfer
a controlled amount of
water from a ditch, over
the ditch wall, into
furrows.
Large siphons are used in
municipal waterworks and
industry. Their size
requires control via valves
at the intake and outlet of
the siphon.
53
How Siphon is
Important
