Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic , investigation with an ,open mind to estabish novel facts,solve new or existing problems ,prove new ideas or develop new thoeries .

1. RESEARCH PROCESS
ASIF NAWAZ
Mphill. Microbiology AUST

2. Research
• Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any
systematic , investigation with an ,open mind to estabish novel
facts,solve new or existing problems ,prove new ideas or develop new
thoeries .

3. Research process
• A research ptocess consists of series of actions or steps necessaryto
effectively carry out research and desire sequence if these steps .

4. Methods of research process
• Scientific method
This method involves techniques for
1. Investigating phenomena
2. aquaring knowlegde
3. Correcting and intergating previous knowledge.

5. HISTORICAL METHOD
It involves techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary
sources and other evidence to research and then to write history .
The approach may also be used with artistic project development .

6. RESEARCH PROCESS
• Primary sources
• Secondary sources

7. Steps of research process
1 .Define reSearch problem
2. Review of literature
3. Formulate hypothesis
4.Preparing the research design
5. Data collection
6.Interpretation and report writing .

8. Research problem
There are two types of research problem, viz ,those
• Relate to state of nature
• Relation ship between variables
Essentially two Steps are involved In define research problem
• Understanding the problem thoroughly
• Repharising the same into meaningful from an point of view.

9. Review of literature
• Literature review is integral part of entire research and makes
valuable contribution to every operational step
• Reviewing literature can be time consuming, daunting And frustrating
But is also rewarding Its functions are
• Being clarity and focus to your Research problem .
• Improve your methadology
• Broaden your knowledge
• Contextualise your findings

10. Formulate hypothesis
• Formulate hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw
out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
• Hyphothesis should be very speicific and limited to the piece of
research in hand because it has to be tested.
• The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by deliming the area
of research and to keep him On the right back .

11. Preparing the Research design
• The function of research design is to provide the Collection of
relevent with minimal expenditure of effort , time and money .
• Research purpose may be grouped into four categories viz
Exploration
Description
Diagnosis
Experimentation

12. Data collection
• Primary data can be collected through
• By observation
• Through personal interview
• Through telephone interview
• By mailing of questionare
• Through sechdules

13. Data analysis
• The analysis of data requries a number of closely related opretions
such as establishment of ctegories.
• This stage mainly include
• Coding
• Editing
• Tabulation

14. Interpetation and report writing
• Researcher has to prepare the report Of what has been done by him/
her .
• Writing of report includes
• The preliminary pages
• thhe main text and
• the end matter

15. Conclusion
• Good quality researcher requries a researcher to follow scientific
approach . Researcher must follow scientific method In conducting
literature review ,identifying research gaps , writing problem statment
and outlining research questions and research obJrctives .
• Researcher must carefully select among different research designthe
selection of which depends on speicific research questions and the
overall objectives of the study .

16. Thank you..