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Preparation of Bio-diesel From Waste Oil
Ashley White*, Bruce E. Wenzel, and Ken S. Lee
Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P. O. Box 17910
1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217
Abstract
Energy crisis with higher price and
dependency on fossil fuel has forced us to
find alternative resources other than current
energy system based on crude oil. It is our
interest to find and develop cheaper energy
resources including biomass. One example
of current research for the alternative fuel is
bio-diesel made from vegetable oil, like
soybean oil. The current method uses
vegetable oil; however, it might trigger
several problems such as a price hike in the
crop, which is needed for our general
consumption. Therefore, we are interested in
a way to make a bio-diesel from waste like
used cooking oil. In this study we will make
bio-diesel from cooking oil, which has been
used in fast food restaurants and has no
commercial value.
Cooking oils have been used in restaurants
were collected and used for making bio-diesel.
The comparative study of the used oil
and bio-diesel from various restaurants were
made. The result of GC analysis on the fatty
acids, various FAMEs (fatty acid methyl
esters), glycerides in the used oil and formed
bio-diesel product will be discussed.
Distribution of methyl esters of saturated and
unsaturated fatty acid (longer than C10) will
be presented as well.
Introduction
Solution
Acidity Determination
Result of Acid Treatment with Resin
Resin Treatment was done for 1hr.
*72 hrs of treatment.
Sample (5g) of WVO was mixed in 50 ml of Ethanol and it
was titrated with standardized KOH solution.
Bio-diesel Production
The vegetable oil is mixed with methyl
alcohol and converted to the methyl esters of
fatty acids (FAME) by means of a catalyst.
Effects of Catalysts Used on Frying Oil
Product Cleanup
Infrared Analysis
Acidity calculated as mg KOH/g of sample
Acidity=56.1 MC/W
M: Molarity of KOH
C: Corrected volume of KOH solution
W: weight of Waste Veg. Oil
1. Cool reaction mixture down.
2. Centrifuge for 5 min.
3. Take top layer for further treatment.
4. Shake 3x with 10-20 ml dilute (1.0 M) HCl.
5. Distil under vacuum.
6. Shake with deionized water 3x or until neutral pH.
7. Store over anhydrous MgSO4
8. Filter.
9.Weigh the filtrate.
The U. S. is highly dependent on foreign
sources of petroleum for most of its liquid
fuels. In the second millennium, these
sources are becoming depleted and are
mainly in politically unstable regions.
• Develop fuel derived from renewable,
natural resources such as frying oil.
Our Approach
• Develop a process for converting natural vegetable
oils into fuel for diesel engines.
•Some common vegetable oils come from: soybeans,
cottonseed, canola, peanuts, palm trees, etc.
•Used frying oil from local restaurants: American Deli
and Ruby Tuesday
•High acidity of used oil has to be treated and it will be
done with usage of resin, Dowex (MTO-Dowex M43 Anion
Exchange Resin from SUPELCO).
•Acidity of used oil before and after treatment with resin
were determined.
•Treatment of acid in used oil . Used oil was mixed with
resin. It was stirred for 1 hour. Resin was filtered off.
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Avg
Before 14.3 13.7 13.6 13.5 13.3 13.7
After 12.6 12.7 12.7 13.3
*
11.6
*
12.7
Reaction Conditions
•10-100g of vegetable oil
•10-28 ml dry methyl alcohol
•0.1-0.9 g NaOCH3 catalyst
•Temperature: 60°C
•Stir vigorously
•Reaction time: 1hr
Weights and Volumes of Reactants
Run Oil Weight MeOh
(ml)
Cat (g)
1 Tributyrin 10 10 0.09
2 Tributyrin 10 10 0.09
3 Olive Oil 100 28 0.9
4 New
Cooking Oil
100 28 0.9
Chemical Reaction Example
Catalyst Amount of
Oil (g)
FAME (g) Yield (%)
NaOH 50 15.626 31.24
NaOMe 100 43.972 43.97
Ba(OH)2 50 27.676 55.35
Product Yields
Run FAME (g) Yield (%)
1 4.05 39
2 5.09 49
3 82.8 82
4 91.0 90
Odis Lee Webb, II for his help
Funding Sources: NIH (RCMI): G122RR13459-07S1
NSF(STARGE):NSF-HRD-0411559
H2C
HC
H2C
O
O
O
C
O
C
O
C
O
H2
C
H2
C
H2
C
H2
C CH3
H2
C CH3
H2
C CH3
+ CH3OH
Catalyst
60oC
H3C
O CH
2
H2
C
CH3
O
Trybutyrin
Methyl butanoate (FAME)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
SAMP1
1ST BIODIESEL
%Transmission
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Time (secs) FAME Area (%)
16.82 Methyl palmitate 16.76
18.45 Methyl linoleate 29.82
18.50 Methyl oleate 46.93
18.72 Methyl sterate 6.48
GC-MS Analysis
Acknowledgements