Waste Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Fuel Replacement

1. Waste Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Fuel Replacement
Abstract
In the past, waste edible oils and fats were often used in the production of animal feeds. However due to links between
BSE and this practice, the use of waste fats for animal feed is not as common as it once was and this has resulted in
surplus quantities becoming available. This has led to significant disposal problems.
Waste oils and fats can be used as renewable fuel resources. Conversion of waste oils and fats to biodiesel fuel is one
possibility but poses some difficulties such as in the use of toxic or caustic materials and by-product disposal. Conversion
to biodiesel may also decrease the economic attractiveness of using waste oils as fuels.
An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oils or rendered animal fats as a fuel.
Using relatively unmodified oils or fats eliminates the problems associated with toxic and caustic precursor chemicals and
residual biodiesel alkalinity as the oil is used without altering its chemical properties.
This paper discusses the use of waste vegetable and animal oils and fats as unmodified fuels in compression ignition
engines.
Introduction
Waste edible oils and fats pose significant disposal problems in many parts of the world. In the past much of these waste
products have been used in the production of animal feeds. However due to possible links between BSE and this practice,
the use of waste edible animal fats for animal feed is not as common as it once was, resulting in disposal problems. As it
is often difficult to prevent the contamination of waste vegetable oil with animal products during cooking, waste vegetable
oil often must be treated in a similar manner as is waste animal fats.
One possibility for the disposal of these products is as a fuel for transport or other uses. Conversion of waste oils and fats
to biodiesel fuel has many environmental advantages over petroleum based diesel fuel. However it is not commercially
available in Australia and the µback-yard¶ production of biodiesel may present serious risks as the process uses methanol,
a toxic and flammable liquid, and sodium or potassium hydroxide, both of which are caustic. By-product disposal may
present further difficulties and environmental considerations may preclude production in sensitive areas.
An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oil or rendered animal fats as fuel.
Using unmodified oils not only eliminates problems such as residual biodiesel alkalinity by-product disposal, but also
increases the economic viability of using the oil or fat.
While the use of vegetable or animal oils and fats as fuels may be somewhat surprising at first, when examined in an
historical context we can see that the compression ignition engine, first developed to a usable level of functionality by the
French-born Rudolf Diesel near the end of the 19th century, was originally designed to operate on vegetable oil.
In 1900, Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his new compression ignition engine at the World Exhibition in Paris running on
peanut oil. In 1911 he wrote ³The engine can be fed with vegetable oils and would help considerably in the development
of agriculture in the countries that use it.´ [1]
It was about this time that new drilling technology and exploration techniques were developed and together these ushered
in the age of cheap and plentiful fossil fuels. Consequently, the use of vegetable and animal oils and fats as fuels has only
been used for a few special purposes such as in racing fuels or in environmentally sensitive areas where petroleum spills
tend to cause more serious problems than do spills of animal and/or vegetable derived fuels.

2. After some one hundred years of using liquid petroleum fuels, we are now finding that there are unforeseen side
effects, the foremost perhaps being the so-called Enhanced Greenhouse Effect.
In Australia, transport use contributes some 16% of Australia¶s greenhouse gas emissions. Of this, diesel fuel contributed
about 17% or 11,705,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. An additional 1,622,000 tonnes is released from diesel fuel used for
electricity generation. [2] On top of greenhouse gas emissions is the vexing question of how little ± or much ± is left.
However oils of vegetable and animal origin, unlike fossil fuels, have to potential to be produced not only on a sustainable
basis but also could be greenhouse gas neutral, or at the very least, emit substantially less greenhouse gases per unit
energy than do any of the fossil fuels.
Properties of Triglycerides as Fuels
A large amount of research has gone into examining Diesel¶s dream of using raw vegetable oils as fuels and when one
speaks of growing crops for liquid fuels it is often assumed that the oil will be used after only basic extraction and
filtering. [3,4,5]
Work has been conducted to examine these oils as fuel replacements or additives. For example in the late 1970¶s and early
1980¶s, research was undertaken at Murdoch University (Perth, Australia) into the use of eucalyptus and other plant oils
as a fuel component. [6] In New Zealand, there are considerable problems with the disposal of surplus tallow from the
processed meat industry and a large amount of work was conducted in the early 1980¶s on the use of tallow as a fuel. [7]
Experience has shown that the use of unsaturated triglyceride oils as a fuel may cause significant problems that
can affect the viability of their fuel use. [8] But this is not always the case and in many circumstances these
problems can either be dealt with or are acceptable to the user.
While power output and tailpipe emissions using plant or animal oils are in most cases comparable with those when
running on petroleum diesel fuel, the main problem encountered has due to the higher viscosity of the triglyceride oils and
their chemical instability. These can cause difficult starting in cold conditions, the gumming up of injectors and the
coking-up of valves and exhaust. [3]
The viscosity of plant and animal fats and oils varies from hard crystalline solids to light oils at room temperature. In most
cases, these µoils¶ or µfats¶ are actually a complex mixture of various fatty acids triglycerides, often with the various
components having widely varying melting points. This may give the oil or fat a temperature range over which
solidification occurs, with the oil gradually thickening from a thin liquid, through to a thick liquid, then a semi-solid and
finally to a solid.
High melting points or solidification ranges can cause problems in fuel systems such as partial or complete blockage as
the triglyceride thickens and finally solidifies when the ambient temperature falls. [3] While this also occurs with
petroleum based diesel, particularly as the temperature falls below about ~ -10 to -5r C for µsummer¶ formulations and ~ -
20 to -10r C for µwinter¶ diesels, it is relatively easy to control during the refining process and is generally not a major
problem.
Many vegetable oils and some animal oils are µdrying¶ or µsemi-drying¶ and it is this which makes many oils such as
linseed, tung and some fish oils suitable as the base of paints and other coatings. But it is also this property that further
restricts their use as fuels.
Drying results from the double bonds (and sometimes triple bonds) in the unsaturated oil molecules being broken by
atmospheric oxygen and being converted to peroxides. Cross-linking at this site can then occur and the oil irreversibly
polymerises into a plastic-like solid. [9]

3. In the high temperatures commonly found in internal combustion engines, the process is accelerated and the
engine can quickly become gummed-up with the polymerised oil. With some oils, engine failure can occur in as
little as 20 hours. [10]
The traditional measure of the degree of bonds available for this process is given by the µIodine Value¶ (IV) and
can be determined by adding iodine to the fat or oil. The amount of iodine in grams absorbed per 100 ml of oil
is then the IV. The higher the IV, the more unsaturated (the greater the number of double bonds) the oil and the
higher is the potential for the oil to polymerise.
While some oils have a low IV and are suitable without any further processing other than extraction and filtering, the
majority of vegetable and animal oils have an IV which may cause problems if used as a neat fuel. Generally speaking, an
IV of less than about 25 is required if the neat oil is to be used for long term applications in unmodified diesel engines and
this limits the types of oil that can be used as fuel. Table 1 lists various oils and some of their properties.
The IV can be easily reduced by hydrogenation of the oil (reacting the oil with hydrogen), the hydrogen
breaking the double bond and converting the fat or oil into a more saturated oil which reduces the tendency of
the oil to polymerise. However this process also increases the melting point of the oil and turns the oil into
margarine.
As can be seen from Table 1, only coconut oil has an IV low enough to be used without any potential problems
in an unmodified diesel engine. However, with a melting point of 25rC, the use of coconut oil in cooler areas
would obviously lead to problems. With IVs of 25 ± 50, the effects on engine life are also generally unaffected
if a slightly more active maintenance schedule is maintained such as more frequent lubricating oil changes and
exhaust system decoking. Triglycerides in the range of IV 50 ± 100 may result in decreased engine life, and in
particular to decreased fuel pump and injector life. However these must be balanced against greatly decreased
fuel costs (if using cheap, surplus oil) and it may be found that even with increased maintenance costs that this
is economically viable.
Table 1 Oils and their melting point and Iodine Values [11]
Oil Approx. melting Iodine
point rC Value
Coconut oil 25 10
Palm kernel oil 24 37
Mutton tallow 42 40
Beef tallow 50
Palm oil 35 54
Olive oil -6 81
Castor oil -18 85
Peanut oil 3 93
Rapeseed oil -10 98
Cotton seed oil -1 105

4. Sunflower oil -17 125
Soybean oil -16 130
Tung oil -2.5 168
Linseed oil -24 178
Sardine oil 185
All of these problems can be at least partially alleviated by dissolving the oil or hydrogenated oil in petroleum diesel.
µDrying oils¶ such as linseed oil for example, could be mixed with petroleum diesel at a ratio of up to about 1:8 to give an
equivalent IV in the mid-twenties. Likewise coconut oil can be thinned with diesel or kerosene to render it less viscous in
cooler climates. Obviously the solubility of the oil in petroleum also needs to be taken into account. [7]
Another method is to emulsify the oil or fat with ethanol. Goering [12] found that eight parts of soybean oil, when
emulsified with two part ethanol and five parts of 1-butanol as stabiliser, performed as well as diesel fuel and was able to
start a cold engine. The cost was calculated (in 1981) to be $0.40 a litre as compared to $0.30 ± 0.35 per litre for diesel.
Trans-esterifying triglyceride oils and fats with monohydric alcohols to form biodiesel largely eliminates the tendency of
the oils and fats to undergo polymerisation and auto-oxidation and also reduces the viscosity of the oil to about the same
as petroleum diesel.
However as previously mentioned, the µback-yard¶ production of use of does pose some risks, particularly to those who
are not familiar with the handling of toxic and highly flammable liquids.
In many cases, it is possible to use a variety of triglyceride fats and oils as a fuel. While engine wear and maintenance
may be increased, in some circumstances these problems are not serious enough to prevent the use of the triglycerides as a
fuel.
Conversion of a vehicle to operate on Waste Cooking Oil
An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oil or animal fats as a fuel. The differences amongst fats and
oils, whether of animal or vegetable origin, relate mainly to the level of saturation in the carbon chain. Generally
speaking, the lower the number of double bonds, the higher the melting point of the triglyceride and the greater the
stability of the triglyceride to polymerisation and spontaneous oxidation. From an engine use point of view, it is preferable
to use saturated fats as fuels as they are more stable and less resistant to oxidation, particularly under the elevated
temperatures and pressures as found in an engine environment. However due to their higher melting points, difficulty may
be encountered in starting the engine without pre-heating of the fat.
In order to test the viability of using relatively unsaturated oils in engines, a 1990 Mazda with a 2.0 litre indirect injection
OHC diesel was obtained with a view of running it on various types of triglyceride oils and fats. At that time of purchase,
the vehicle had covered 222,000 km.
The previous owner stated that the engine head had been overhauled, but no further details were provided. Since the
purchase, and prior to the conversion to operate on triglyceride oils, the injector pump was overhauled. Fuel consumption
of the vehicle on diesel was stable at about 6.9 L/100 km.
The vehicle is used as a family vehicle in a 2-car household. At the time of conversion (October 2000), the vehicle had
covered 231,000 km.

5. Waste palm oil (a solid fat) was used initially but the time delay in melting this oil prevented use of the oil on short
journeys. Consequently, waste canola oil was tried and has been used exclusively for the last 7,500 km.
At about 80 cSt (at 20r C), the viscosity of used canola oil is significantly greater than that of diesel which has a viscosity
in the range of 2 to 4.5 cSt. [7, 13] However, as canola oil is warmed, its viscosity falls quite significantly and at about 70r
C the viscosity is about 5 to 10 cSt. Thus the viscosity is sufficiently low to allow its use as a replacement fuel for diesel
with out too much difficulty.
Table 2 Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and commercial US biodiesel. [7, 13, 14]
Diesel Canola Oil Biodiesel
Density kgL-1 @ 15.5r C 0.84 0.92 0.88
Calorific value MJL-1 38.3 36.9 33 ± 40
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 20rC 4-5 70 4±6
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 40rC 4-5 37 4±6
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 70rC 10
Cetane number 45 ~ 40 - 50 45 ± 65
The vehicle was fitted with an additional 17 litre fuel tank under the bonnet together with the necessary fuel
lines, additional filter and a solenoid valve to control the fuel source. Electrical connections to a thermostat,
glow plug, run-on timer, switches and the solenoid valve were also installed.
The oil tank was fitted with a heat exchanger comprising one metre of 12 mm copper tube. This was connected to the
engine coolant system and pre-heats the oil in the tank. The tank was located in the engine bay to maximise heat transfer
to the tank and to keep the coolant lines short. The finished tank had a useable capacity of seventeen litres. This gave a
range of up to 240 km between refuelling.
Additional filtering was installed with an internal preheater. The pre-heater, a 24 V diesel glow plug, together with a relay
and thermostat was installed so that if a solid fat was used for fuel, any solidified fat in the filter chamber could be quickly
melted. The filter used (Ryco Z30) provides filtration to 30 micron.
A vacuum gauge was fitted after the fuel filter and it was found that at start-up with cold canola oil, fuel flow
was insufficient causing a vacuum in the fuel line and filter. An extra in-line fuel pump was added before the
filter and this alleviated this problem and has increased fuel filter life.
The heated oil fuel line was one metre of 5/16´ semi rigid nylon tube encased in a 5/8´ rubber coolant pipe.
Brass fittings were used to ensure minimal corrosion and leakages of coolant.
The three port, 12 Vdc solenoid valve was mounted in close proximity to the fuel pump to minimise changeover lag. The
fuel return line to the diesel tank was redirected to the fuel pump suction side between the solenoid valve and fuel pump.
This was done to prevent the oil in the return line going to the diesel tank. A disadvantage of this is that the fuel system
became rather intolerant of air in the system.
A run-on timer was installed using a modified µturbo timer¶. After the solenoid valve is switched back to diesel,
the timer keeps the engine running for a period of time, even if the vehicle is parked and the key removed from

6. the ignition. During this period, the oil in the injector pump is gradually replaced by diesel and after several
minutes, only diesel remains in the fuel pump, filter, fuel lines and injectors. The correct time was found by a
trial and error. A manual override switch was also installed to allow emergency, or short duration stopping of
the engine.
The supplier of the used oil (a fast food outlet) filters the oil and puts it into containers for collection. To ensure that the
oil is clean, the oil is heated and additionally filtered through a 5 micron bag filter. It was found that the used oil usually
becomes cloudy and this was found to be a combination of the oil starting to solidify due to partial de-unsaturation of the
oil from use and minor water content. If water content is suspected of being excessive, the oil is heated above 100¶C to
evaporate the moisture.
Use of the oil and preliminary results
To date, the vehicle has been driven over 7500 km using canola oil. In the morning, the oil in the tank is cold and quite
viscous and a particular start-up routine must be used. In addition, if, at the end of the trip, the vehicle will not be restarted
again for several hours, then a shutdown sequence must be followed in order to allow easy restarting.
Glow plugs are used for all starts. When starting cold, the engine is started on diesel and the journey commenced. When
the engine temperature has reached µnormal¶ as shown on the engine temperature gauge, the fuel solenoid is operated, and
the journey continues using vegetable oil. For hot or warm starts, the engine is started using the vegetable oil.
Shutdown: In the cooler months, at about 5 km from the end of each journey, the fuel solenoid is released. At the end
of the journey, the ignition switch is turned off. If the time delay has not expired, the engine continues to idle, until the
end of the delay. During warmer periods, the shutdown delay override switch is used to stop the engine for all stops,
except for the last journey of the day.
Comparison of performance and economy
Using records of fuel consumption and distance travelled, there has been no noticeable difference in fuel consumption or
engine power when operating on diesel, palm or canola oil. The fuel consumption has been found to be approximately 6.9
L/100 km, regardless of what fuel is being used. It is planned that full testing of performance will be carried out in the
near future, taking into account different driving conditions and different fuels.
Problems
Cold starting with canola oil: If the engine has been allowed to cool completely (eg overnight) and the shutdown
routine not followed, then the engine may be very difficult to restart. It has been found that heating the injectors by, for
example, pouring hot water over them or using a hair dryer, will allow the engine to restart with no difficulty.
Saturated oils: The use of saturated (solid) fats in cooler months would require significant improvements to the heat
exchanger in the oil tank. Palm oil tended to solidify in the filter (prior to a glow plug heater being installed) and in the
front half of the tank while travelling, reducing useable capacity. This may be less of a problem if a 6 port solenoid valve
were to be used, circulating heated oil back to the tank, and improving the heating of the oil in the tank.
Carbon build up causing wear: Reports have been made of accelerated engine wear due to increased carbon deposits in
combustion chambers. [3, 4, 7] As the engine condition at the start of the test was not accurately measured, no proper
evaluation of the wear can be made. However, at the end of the vehicle life, the engine will be dismantled and evaluated
for any abnormal evidence of wear or damage.

7. Galvanised Fuel tank: The oil tank was made from scrap galvanised steel sheet metal. It was found that the oil reacted
with the zinc plating and this resulted in globules of reacted oil blocking the fuel filter on many occasions. The oil tank
was consequently removed, cleaned and acid etched to remove the zinc coating. No reacted fuel globules have been
observed since.
Costs:
The tank was made using scrap materials and consequently was of negligible cost. It was estimated that if
professionally made using new materials, it would have cost approximately $400. Other expenses were: filter -
$30, filter elements - $5, heated fuel line - $120, solenoid valve - $95, sundry items - $100. The total cost was
$250. Operating costs are $5 per 10,000 km for new filter elements
Exhaust emissions:
At this stage no exhaust emission tests have been done. The level of particulates as gauged by simple visibility checks
appears about the same whether running on diesel or canola oil. However, as the oil contains no sulphur, SO2 emissions
are not present when running on triglyceride oils. Furthermore, the pungent smell typical of diesel exhaust is not present.
Rather the smell is similar to that of a BBQ.
Life-cycle CO2 emissions are substantially reduced. Studies done by Sheehan et al, Beer et al etc indicate that reductions
by as much as 80 to 90% compared to fossil diesel fuel can be expected, given the renewable nature of the oil, and that
this is a re-use of a spent product. [14, 15, 16, 17]
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions would most likely be similar or slightly elevated by ~10% as compared to fossil diesel.
In addition to atmospheric nitrogen, most vegetable and animal oils contain small quantities of nitrogen containing
proteins, which upon combustion, release various nitrogen oxides. [14, 15, 16, 17]
Unburnt hydrocarbon emissions may or may not be increased. Previous research has shown that this is very dependent of
the vehicle¶s state of tune, age and the specific properties of the oil. [7, 14, 16, 17]
Cost efficiency:
Using free waste canola oil, fuel costs have been only for the diesel fuel used in the start-up and shutdown periods. Fuel
purchase records for 10,000 km show the vehicle has used 240 litres of diesel. Driving this distance on diesel only would
normally require approximately 690 litres of fuel. This represents a fuel cost saving of 65%. The conversion has paid for
itself with savings in diesel purchases in excess of $400.
Different usage patterns would give obviously give different results. Usage patterns for this vehicle show mainly short
trips, with one or two longer (>20 km) journeys per week.
As vehicle use increases, the diesel fuel savings would also be expected to increase. The only requirement for diesel, is
that the motor must be allowed to reach operating temperature before operating on triglyceride oils, and that the oil must
be diluted or purged from the fuel pump before shutdown.
Due to higher fuel usage larger vehicles would be able to have greater fuel cost savings which would more than offset the
increased costs of a remotely located oil tank.

8. Obviously, if there were to be a greater demand for used and waste cooking oil, the oil may not be available free and the
cost of purchasing waste oil must then be taken into account. While this would extend the pay-back period, as long as
there was a reasonable difference between the cost of the waste oil and diesel fuel and any extra maintenance costs were
not too excessive, it would probably still be economically viable to undertake the modifications and operate on used oil.
Possible improvements
Solenoid Valve: The use of a six port solenoid valve and an alterative fuel line set-up would reduce the shutdown delay
requirement, as the return line would not be fed back into the fuel pump.
Fuel filter: The provision of a heated fuel filter, using filter elements giving 5 micron filtration would protect the fuel
pump from the possible 5 ± 30 micron particles not removed by the Ryco Z30 filter. Filter heating would be most
effective if heated by engine coolant.
Biodiesel: Starting the vehicle on biodiesel would further enhance the environmental benefits obtainable.
Conclusion
Many vegetable and animal oils can be used as diesel replacement fuels. The two ways of doing this are to either use the
oil as a straight fuel or to convert the oil to a methyl or ethyl ester (biodiesel). Both of these ways have various advantages
and disadvantages. One of the authors (Clark) converted a Mazda 626 to operate on straight vegetable oil and has done
over 7500 km using this method. The other author (Calais) has been using biodiesel in an unmodified Toyota Corolla for
over 20,000 km.
In converting the Mazda 626 to operate on straight oil, a small tank was fitted under the bonnet of the vehicle. In order to
minimise fuel µcold-plugging¶ problems due to high fuel viscosity, both the tank, filter and fuel lines are heated. The
vehicle is first started on diesel and then when the engine has reached normal operating temperature and the oil has been
heated, a solenoid valve is operated which switched the fuel system over to the oil.
To date there has been no evidence of increased engine wear, lubricating oil dilution or other problems. However the
experience of others has shown that increased engine wear may occur but as yet it is still too early to determine whether or
not this will occur in this example. Even so, the economic benefits obtained by using waste canola oil may more than
offset any extra engine maintenance costs.
It is hoped that continuing research on this project may provide more information about this in the future.
References
1. Tickell, J. The Great American Veggie Van Adventure, http://veggievan.org/
2. Australian Greenhouse Office Australia¶s State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventory ± Western Australia,
Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 1999
3. Pullan, C. et al Research Priorities for Transport Fuels from Biomass and Other Sources for Western Australia,
Energy Advisory Council of WA, Perth, 1981
4. Parker, A.J. et al Transport Fuels from Biomass. Research Opportunities Symposium Proceedings, March 1980,
Perth.
5. Australian Greenhouse Office Alternative Fuels Program ± Issues Paper, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra,
1999

9. 6. Barton, Alan (Prof) Personal communication, Murdoch University, 1999
7. Sims, R. Yields, Costs and Availability of Natural Oils/Fats as Diesel Fuel Substitutes, Report No LF2021 for the
Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Wellington (NZ) 1982
8. SECWA (Now Western Power), Evaluation of Rapeseed and Sunflower oil in a Stationary Diesel Generator,
NERDDC Project No 80/0294, Januar 1984 Perth
9. Cole, A.R.H, Watts, D.W. & Bucat, R.B. Chemical Properties and Reactions University of Western Australia
Press, Perth, 1978
10. Duke, J. A. Handbook of Energy Crops, (written 1983) Unpublished on paper but available from
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html
11. Lide, D.R. et al Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Edition, CRC Press, Boco Raton, USA, 1996
12. Goering, B. USDOE Seminar II. Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuel, Oct. 21, 22, 1981
13. Environment Australia (National Heritage Trust) (2000b). Setting National Fuel Quality Standards ± Paper 2 -
Proposed Standards for Fuel Parameters (Petrol and Diesel), Canberra
14. Beer, T., Grant, T., Brown, R., Edwards, J., Nelson, P., Watson, H., Williams, D. (2000) Life-Cycle Emission
Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles. CSIRO, Australia
15. Calais P. & Sims, R. A Comparison Of Life-Cycle Emissions Of Liquid Biofuels And Liquid And Gaseous Fossil
Fuels In The Transport Sector, Proceedings of Solar 2000, Brisbane 2000
16. Beer T. et al Comparison of Transport Fuels, Report EV45A/2/F3C for the Australian Greenhouse Office, 2001
17. Sheehan, J., Camobreco, V., Duffield, J., Graboski, M., Shapouri, H. (1998). An Overview of Biodiesel and
Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles. NREL, Golden, Colorado.
Bibliography
Department of Energy Alternatives to Traditional Transport Fuels 1996, Energy Information Administration, US
Department of Energy, Washington DC, 1997
Environment Australia (National Heritage Trust) (2000a). Setting National Fuel Quality Standards ± Proposed Standards
for Fuel Parameters (Petrol and Diesel), Canberra
Peterson, C.L. & Reece, D. On-Road Testing of Biodiesel ± A report of past research activities, Department of
Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho, 1996
Quick, G.R. A summary of some current research in Australia on vegetable oils as candidate fuels for diesel engines.
Seminar II, USDA, Peoria, IL., 1981
Sims, R., (1996). The Potential for Biodiesel in New Zealand. Proceedings of Conference µApplications of
Bioenergy Technologies¶ Rotarua, pp 139 ± 148 EECA.
Sims, R., (1995). The Biodiesel Research Program of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Second Biomass
Conference of the Americas, Oregon, pp 849 ± 858, NREL.
s, R., (1995). The Biodiesel Research Program of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Second Biomass
Conference of the Americas, Oregon, pp 849 ± 858, NREL.

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VEGETABLE OIL Cars and Converting Your Car to VEGETABLE OIL
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http://www.vegengine.blogspot.com
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http://www.ehow.com/how_2004136_vegetable-oil-fuel.html
http://www.vegdvw.com
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http://www.instructables.com/id/Biotour.org-Waste-Vegetable-Oil-Conversion-Diesel-/
DVD LIQUID GOLD 2
Learn the Do͛s and Don͛t's of Gathering and using Waste Vegetable oil as a fuel. Perfect for anyone who is currently
using, or planning on using SVO (Straight Vegetable Oil) or Bio Diesel as a fuel!

11. These questions and more are answered on this DVD:
ͻ The legality of collecting waste vegetable oil and burning it as a fuel.
ͻ Overview of how diesel engines burn waste vegetable oil as fuel.
ͻ How to identify good waste vegetable oil.
ͻ How to identify bad waste vegetable oil.
ͻ How to ask a restaurant for their waste vegetable oil.
ͻ How to fuel up on the fly with the automated One Shot Filtration Unit.
ͻ How to setup your own waste vegetable oil accounts.
ͻ How to collect large quantities of oil for later filtration at home.
ͻ How to filter waste vegetable oil using filter bags.
ͻ How does salt, sugar and animal fats affect waste vegetable oil for fuel?
ͻ How to tell if there͛s water in the oil?
ͻ How to filter the oil once it͛s been gathered.
ͻ Cold Weather gathering techniques and tips.
http://www.goldenfuelsystems.com
DVD S.V.O. Seminar 2006
Lately there's been a lot of talk about the effects of Global warming due to our love of gas guzzling vehicles and our
dependency on foreign oil. Scientists and entrepreneurs around the world are busy developing what they hope will be
our answer to cleaner burning vehicles. What many people don't realize is that this technology already exists and it's
been around for quite some time now.
This DVD was Shot during a seminar on Straight Vegetable Oil at Ecoversity in Santa Fe, New Mexico and is packed with
2.5 hours of valuable information. Listen along while many of the most frequently asked questions about this technology
are discussed and answered.
These questions and more are answered on this DVD:
ͻ The History of Straight Vegetable Oil
ͻ Different Alternative Fuels
ͻ Straight Vegetable vs. Biodiesel
ͻ Straight Vegetable Oil Facts and Fiction
ͻ Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline Engines
ͻ How a Straight Vegetable Oil System Works
ͻ The Importance of a Vehicles Air Filter
ͻ Increase Power and Economy/Computer Mods
ͻ Oil Gathering 101
ͻ Filtering on the Fly with the One Shot
ͻ Using Filter Bags

12. ͻ What to do with leftover Nasty Oil
ͻ Diesels Available in the USA
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DVD GREASY RIDER
Picture a cross-country road trip powered by vegetable oil in a 1981 Mercedes-Benz. Greasy Rider follows the two
filmmakers, Joey Carey and JJ Beck, as they meet with fellow Greasecar drivers, friends, and critics. Traveling as far south
as New Orleans and as far north as Seattle, the car is fueled by used cooking grease collected at restaurants along the
way.
Interviews include Morgan Freeman who is opening up a Biodiesel plant in Mississippi. Political analyst Noam Chomsky,
͞You're supposed to believe we would have liberated Iraq even if its main product was pickles,͟ appears along side Yoko
Ono, ͞This whole world is now ruled by corporations and their greed,͟ and Tommy Chong, ͞You guys figured it out. You
got your little bio-car, and there you go.͟ Additional interviews include the founders of the four major vegetable oil
conversion kit companies, Greasecar, Greasel, Neoteric, and Frybrid, as they discuss the reality of vegetable oil as a fuel.
The heat is felt in this political documentary as America's energy consumption continues to grow. With gas prices on the
rise and the reality of global warming setting in, Greasy Rider points to vegetable oil as one part of the solution to our
energy problems.
http://www.goldenfuelsystems.com
JOURNEY to FOREVER
http://www.journeytoforever.org
The Film: FUEL
http://thefuelfilm.com
FUEL is an insightful portrait of America͛s addiction to oil and an uplifting testament to the immediacy of new energy
solutions. Director, Josh Tickell, a young activist, shuttles us on a whirlwind journey to track the rising domination of the
petrochemical industry Ͷ from Rockefeller͛s strategy to halt Ford͛s first ethanol cars to Vice President Cheney's
petrochemical company sponsored energy legislation Ͷ and reveals a gamut of available solutions to "repower
America" Ͷ from vertical farms that occupy skyscrapers to algae facilities that turn wastewater into fuel.
Tickell and a surprising array of environmentalists, policy makers, and entertainment notables take us through America͛s
complicated, often ignominious energy past and illuminate a hopeful, achievable future, where decentralized,
sustainable living is not only possible, it͛s imperative.

13. DVD : Biodiesel #2
Filmed at the National Biodiesel Board Conference and Expo in Palm Springs, CA, this 45 minute video helps qualify the
emissions benefits of biodiesel and illustrates how biodiesel can reduce cancerous diesel emissions.
http://fryertofuel.com
DVD: Biodiesel 101
In this 45-minute presentation, biodiesel author Josh Tickell provides an economic, social and practical context for
biodiesel. "Biodiesel 101" goes deep into the technical world of the biodiesel production, showing how the fuel is
chemically formed. This video also examines current data and trends within the biodiesel industry to illustrate growth
patterns and future potential.
http://fryertofuel.com
Convert GAS Cars to Plug-In ELECTRIC Autos
http://www.electroauto.com http://www.kta-ev.com http://www.nedra.com http://www.evparts.com
http://www.sourceguides.com/energy
book: Convert It; by Michael Brown and Shari Prange
DVD: Convert It http://www.electroauto.com
`
Convert HYBRID Cars to Plug-In ELECTRIC Autos
http://www.calcars.org http://www.hybrids-plus.com http://www.rqriley.com/xr3.htm http://www.eaa-
phev.org/wiki/PriusPlus http://www.hybridplugs.com http://www.hybridconceptcars.com
http://www.afstrinity.com http://www.a123systems.com/hymotion http://www.hybridconsortium.org
http://www.energycs.com
LOCAL Groups Supporting ELECTRIC AUTOmobiles
http://www.nicecarcompany.co.uk http://www.greenvehicles.com
http://www.zapworld.com
http://www.sourceguides.com/energy
http://www.green-car-guide.com
Electric MOTORCYCLES
http://www.solarmobil.net
http://www.e-max-ltd.com
http://www.topmotorx.com
http://www.patente-erfindungen.de/erfindungen_fahrraeder.htm
http://www.zeromotorcycles.com
http://www.sourceguides.com/energy
Electric BICYCLES

14. http://nycewheels.com
http://www.myebike.com
http://www.cyclone-tw.com
http://www.powacycle.co.uk
http://www.electricbikesales.co.uk
http://egovehicles.com
http://www.electricbicycle.com.au
http://www.evehicle.com.au
http://www.electric-bicycle.cn
http://www.greenspeed.us
http://www.sourceguides.com/energy
TAX CREDITS
http://www.dsireusa.org
HOME POWER
http://www.homepower.com
SOLAR TODAY
http://solartoday.org
Solar Industry NEWS
http://www.seia.org
http://www.solarbuzz.com
Solar Industry MAGAZINE
http://www.solarindustrymag.com
Recharge your Electric Auto with RENEWABLE ENERGY
http://www.bergey.com http://www.bwea.com http://www.vestas.com http://www.awea.com
http://solarenergy.org http://greendragonenergy.co.uk http://www.lowimpact.org
http://www.scoraigwind.com http://www.greenempowerment.org http://www.grupofenix.org
http://www.solarliving.org http://www.arthaonline.com http://www.the-mrea.org http://www.txses.org
http://www.irenew.org http://www.nmsea.org http://www.azsolarcenter.com
http://www.microhydropower.com http://www.newenergycorp.ca http://www.canyonhydro.com
http://wattsun.com http://www.lorentz.de http://www.etsolar.de
http://www.solargenix.com http://solar.sharpusa.com http://solren.com http://www.spirecorp.com
http://www.windpower.org
http://www.sourceguides.com/energy
http://www.i2p.org
http://www.ises.org http://www.firstsolar.com
http://www.rmi.org
http://www.sourceguides.com/energy
Do not bend over and allow Big Oil to molest your Family, Friends and Community
VOTE SOLAR

15. VOTE SOLAR
http://votesolar.org
http://www.seia.org
http://www.blackboxvoting.org
http://valparaiso.indymedia.org/news/2006/09/8723.php
DVD: Uncounted; Director: David Earnhardt
DVD: Hacking Democracy; Director: Simon Ardizzone
book: What Went Wrong In Ohio; by Congressman John Conyers
book: What Happened in Ohio; by Bob Fitrakis
IS YOUR CONGRESSMAN IN BED with BIG OIL?
How much bribes (campaign contributions) did your congressman take from the sleazy OIL Companies?
CAMPAIGN FINANCE INFORMATION CENTER
Where does the money come from?
http://www.campaignfinance.org/states
CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY
stop the Fat Cats from BRIBING your politicians
http://www.publicintegrity.org
POLLUTION and RACISM, INJUSTICE
book: Confronting Environmental Racism; by Robert Bullard
book: Environmental Injustices; by David Camacho
book: Environmentalism and Economic Justice; by Laura Pulido
book: Pollution and the Death of Man; by Francis Schaeffer
book: From the Ground Up, Environmental Racism; by Luke Cole
book: Struggle for Ecological Democracy; by Daniel Faber
book: No Safe Place, Toxic Waste and Community Action; by Phil Brown
FREE eBook on Oil Spills: Not One Drop
http://www.scribd.com/doc/31483843/Not-One-Drop
Big Oil¶s Dirty Secrets
http://bigoil101.insanejournal.com