Copyright© Arbnor Hoxhaj

1. Technology and design
By Arbnor Hoxhaj

2. Technology and design
• Technology and design, or T.D., is the study, design,
development, application, implementation, support and
management of computer and non-computer based
technologies for the express purpose of communicating,
using various mediums, product design intent and
constructability as well as to facilitate product operation
and maintenance and to ultimately improve overall
product design realization, construction, operation and
maintenance.

3. Technology and design
• Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the
construction of an object or a system (as in architectural
blueprints, engineering drawings, business processes, circuit
diagrams and sewing patterns).
• Technology (from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of
hand"; and -λογία, -logia[1]) is the collection of tools, including
machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures used
by humans. Technologies significantly affect human as well as
other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural
environments. The term can either be applied generally or to
specific areas: examples include construction technology,
medical technology and information technology.

4. Automation
• Automation or automatic control, is the use of various
control systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat
treating ovens, switching in telephone networks,
steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other
applications with minimal or reduced human
intervention.
• Some processes have been completely. The biggest
benefit of automation is that it saves labor, however, it
is also used to save energy and materials and to
improve quality, accuracy and precision.

5. Process simulation
• Process simulation is used for the design, development,
analysis, and optimization of technical processes such as:
chemical plants, chemical processes, environmental
systems, power stations, complex manufacturing operations,
biological processes, and similar technical functions.
• Process simulation is a model-based representation of
chemical, physical, biological, and other technical processes
and unit operations in software. Basic prerequisites are a
thorough knowledge of chemical and physical properties of
pure components and mixtures, of reactions, and of
mathematical models which, in combination, allow the
calculation of a process in computers.

6. Modeling and engineering
processes
• The development of models for a better
representation of real processes is the core of
the further development of the simulation
software.
• Engineering process focuses on the design,
operation, control and optimization of chemical,
physical, and biological processes. Engineering
process includes a wide range of industries,
such as chemical, petrochemical, mineral
processing, advanced materials, food,
pharmaceutical industries and biotechnology
industries.

7. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
• Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer
systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis,
or optimization of a design.
• CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the
designer, improve the quality of design, improve
communications through documentation, and to create
a database for manufacturing.[2] CAD output is often in
the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other
manufacturing operations. Computer-aided design is
used in many fields. Its use in designing electronic
systems is known as electronic design automation, or
EDA.

8. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
• In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design
automation (MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD),
which includes the process of creating a technical
drawing with the use of computer software. CAD
software for mechanical design uses either vector-based
graphics to depict the objects of traditional
drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing
the overall appearance of designed objects. However, it
involves more than just shapes.
• As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering
drawings, the output of CAD must convey information,
such as materials, processes, dimensions, and
tolerances, according to application-specific
conventions.

9. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Figure 1: 2D CAD drawing

10. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
• CAD is an important industrial art extensively used in
many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding,
and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural
design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also
widely used to produce computer animation for special
effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals,
often called DCC digital content creation. CAD has
been a major driving force for research in
computational geometry, computer graphics (both
hardware and software), and discrete differential
geometry.
• The design of geometric models for object shapes, in
particular, is occasionally called computer-aided
geometric design (CAGD).

11. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Figure 2: 3D CAD drawing

12. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Figure 3: Computer Aided Design Geometry – CADG

13. Usage
• Computer-aided design is one of the many tools
used by engineers and designers and is used in
many ways depending on the profession of the user
and the type of software in question. CAD is also
used for the accurate creation of photo simulations
that are often required in the preparation of
Environmental Impact Reports, in which computer-aided
designs of intended buildings are
superimposed into photographs of existing
environments to represent what that locale will be
like were the proposed facilities allowed to be built.

14. Technology
• Originally software for Computer-Aided Design
systems was developed with computer languages
such as Fortran, ALGOL but with the
advancement of object-oriented programming
methods this has radically changed.
• Today, CAD systems exist for all the major
platforms (Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X);
some packages even support multiple platforms.

15. Computer Aided Engineering
(CAE)
• Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad
usage of computer software to aid in engineering
analysis tasks.
• It includes:
 Finite Element Analysis (FEA),
 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Multi-bodydynamics
(MBD), and
 Optimization.

16. CAE fields and phases
• CAE areas covered include:
 Stress analysis on components and assemblies using
FEA (Finite Element Analysis);
 Thermal and fluid flow analysis Computational fluid
dynamics (CFD);
 Analysis tools for process simulation for operations
such as casting, molding, and die press forming;
 Optimization of the product or process;
 Safety analysis of postulate loss-of-coolant accident
in nuclear reactor using realistic thermal-hydraulics
code.

17. CAE fields and phases
• In general, there are three phases in any
computer-aided engineering task:
 Pre-processing – defining the model and
environmental factors to be applied to it.
(typically a finite element model, but facet,
voxel and thin sheet methods are also
used);
 Analysis solver (usually performed on high
powered computers);
 Post-processing of results (using
visualization tools).
• This cycle is iterated, often many times.

18. CAE in the automotive industry
• CAE tools are very widely used in the
automotive industry. In fact, their use has
enabled the automakers to reduce product
development cost and time while improving
the safety, comfort, and durability of the
vehicles they produce. The predictive
capability of CAE tools has progressed to the
point where much of the design verification is
now done using computer simulations rather
than physical prototype testing.

19. Computer Aided Manufacturing
(CAM)
• Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the
use of computer software to control machine
tools and related machinery in the
manufacturing of workpiece.
• CAM may also refer to the use of a computer
to assist in all operations of a manufacturing
plant, including planning, management,
transportation and storage.

20. Typical areas of concern
•Typical areas of concern:
High Speed Machining, including streamlining
of tool paths;
Multi-function Machining;
5 Axis Machining;
Feature recognition and machining;
Automation of Machining processes;
Ease of Use.

21. Product lifecycle management
(PLM)
• Product lifecycle management (PLM)
is the process of managing the entire
lifecycle of a product from inception,
through engineering design and
manufacture, to service and disposal
of manufactured products.
• PLM integrates people, data,
processes and business systems and
provides a product information
backbone for companies and their
extended enterprise.

22. Benefits
Documented benefits of product lifecycle
management include:
Reduced time to market;
Increase full price sales;
Improved product quality and reliability;
Reduced prototyping costs;
More accurate and timely request for
quote generation;
Ability to quickly identify potential sales
opportunities and revenue contributions;

23. Benefits
 Savings through the re-use of original data
 A framework for product optimization
 Reduced waste;
 Savings through the complete integration
of engineering workflows;
 Documentation that can assist in proving
compliance for RoHS or Title 21 CFR Part
11;
 Ability to provide contract manufacturers
with access to a centralized product record
 Seasonal fluctuation management;
 Improved forecasting to reduce material
costs;
 Maximize supply chain collaboration.

24. Areas of PLM
• Within PLM there are five primary areas;
 Systems engineering (SE);
 Product and portfolio m² (PPM);
 Product design (CAx);
 Manufacturing process management
(MPM);
 Product Data Management (PDM).

25. Collaborative product
development (CPD)
• Collaborative product development
(collaborative product design) (CPD) is a
business strategy, work process and collection
of software applications that facilitates different
organizations to work together on the
development of a product. It is also known as
collaborative product definition management
(cPDM)
• Clearly general collaborative software such as
email and chat (instant messaging) is used
within the CPD process. One important
technology is application and desktop sharing,
allowing one person to view what another
person is doing on a remote machine.

26. Technologies and methods
used
• Clearly general collaborative software such
as email and chat (instant messaging) is
used within the CPD process. One important
technology is application and desktop
sharing, allowing one person to view what
another person is doing on a remote
machine. For CAD and product visualization
applications an ‘app share’ product that
supports OpenGL graphics is required.
Another common application is Data sharing
via Web based portals.

27. Conclusion
• Technological and scientific development has
provided great opportunities to improve the product
and reduce the cost of production using different
software.
• Automation is one of the leading foregoing in
advancing of designing technology.
• Some technology related to the creation,
modification, analysis and testing of designs and
some other with management of lifecycle of the
products.

28. Notes
 Dictionary meanings in the Cambridge
Dictionary of American English, at
Dictionary.com (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8)
and at AskOxford (esp. verbs),
 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Automat
ion,
 Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980).
A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition).
United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN
0-19-910207-4,
 Rhodes C.L., “The Process Simulation
Revolution: Thermophysical Property Needs
and Concerns”, J.Chem.Eng.Data, 41, 947-
950, 1996,

29. Notes
 Gani R., Pistikopoulos E.N., “Property
Modelling and Simulation for Product and
Process Design″, Fluid Phase Equilib., 194-
197, 43-59, 2002,
 Narayan, K. Lalit (2008). Computer Aided
Design and Manufacturing. New Delhi:
Prentice Hall of India. p. 4. ISBN
812033342X,
 Narayan, K. Lalit (2008). Computer Aided
Design and Manufacturing. New Delhi:
Prentice Hall of India. p. 3. ISBN
812033342X,

30. Notes
 Madsen, David A. (2012). Engineering
Drawing & Design. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
p. 10. ISBN 1111309574,
 Farin, Gerald; Hoschek, Josef and Kim,
Myung-Soo (2002). Handbook of computer
aided geometric design [electronic resource].
Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51104-1,
 Madsen, David A. (2012). Engineering
Drawing & Design. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
p. 10. ISBN 1111309574,
 Farin, Gerald; Hoschek, Josef and Kim,
Myung-Soo (2002). Handbook of computer
aided geometric design [electronic resource].
Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51104-1,

31. Notes
 Boothroyd, Geoffrey; Knight, Winston Anthony
(2006). Fundamentals of machining and machine
tools (3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-1-
57444-659-3,
 About PLM". CIMdata. Retrieved 25 February 2012,
 Karnie, Arie; Reich, Yoram (2011). Managing the
Dynamic of New Product Development Processes. A
new Product Lifecycle Management Paradigm.
Springer. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85729-569-9. Retrieved
25 February 2012,
 Min Li, Shuming Gao and Charlie C. L. Wang (June
2007). "Real-Time Collaborative Design With
Heterogeneous CAD Systems Based on Neutral
Modeling Commands". Journal of Computing and
Information Science in Engineering 7: 113.
doi:10.1115/1.2720880.