Class - ENT .pptx
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The document discusses the paranasal sinuses, which are air-containing cavities located in certain skull bones. There are four sinuses on each side, divided into anterior and posterior groups that open in different areas of the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinus is the largest, located in the maxilla bone, while the ethmoid sinuses are thin-walled and variable in number. The frontal and sphenoid sinuses are also described in terms of their locations. Imaging of the sinuses is indicated for rhinosinusitis, complications, infections, neoplasms, and trauma. Main imaging views discussed are Waters and Caldwell views, and two case examples are presented showing haziness in the maxillary and frontal sin
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Imaging of paranasal sinuses (including anatomy and varaints)pk1 pdf ppt
This is very good powerpoint presentation of imaging anatomy and variants of paranasal sinuses and imaging pathology as well as multiple pathological imaging findings and images.it will helps for radiologist and radiology resident and even ent resident. our references is CT and mri whole body by Haaga and various internet sources. THANKS.
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The document discusses the anatomy and imaging of the paranasal sinuses. It begins with the embryology of the sinuses, noting that the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses develop from invaginations of the nasal cavity into bones. The anatomy sections describe each of the four major sinuses - maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal - as well as other structures like the osteomeatal complex and nasal passages. Variations in anatomy are also covered. Imaging modalities for evaluating the sinuses include conventional radiography, CT, and MRI, with CT considered the gold standard.
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The document provides information about the maxillary sinus, including its embryology, anatomy, vascularization, innervation, clinical examination, radiological investigation, microscopic anatomy, infections, and management. It discusses the development of the maxillary sinus from a shallow groove in the 4th month of fetal life to its full adult size after the eruption of permanent dentition. The maxillary sinus has relationships with the orbit, nasal cavity, zygoma, and teeth. Infection of the maxillary sinus can be acute, subacute, chronic, bacterial, viral, fungal or mycobacterial in nature. Clinical examination, radiography including Waters view, and CT are used to diagnose maxillary sinusitis. Management involves
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The four pairs of paranasal sinuses are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal sinus lining and can be acute (<1 month), subacute (1-3 months), or chronic (>3 months). The sinuses are normally lined with ciliated epithelium and function includes resonance, skull weight reduction, eye protection, and air humidification. Risk factors include common colds, cystic fibrosis, and structural abnormalities. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and acute bacterial sinusitis is usually treated with antibiotics if symptoms persist beyond 10 days. Complications include orbital and intracranial infections. Chronic sinusitis has multiple causes
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The document discusses the anatomy and development of the paranasal sinuses. It begins by defining the paranasal sinuses as air-filled sacs found in the skull bones, including the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoid sinuses. It then covers the development and anatomy of each sinus in detail. Key points include that the maxillary sinus is the first to develop, beginning around 7-10 weeks gestation, while the sphenoid sinus develops last through evagination from the sphenoid recess at 12 weeks gestation. Development continues postnatally, with the sinuses reaching adult size during adolescence.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- 2. • Paranasal sinuses are air-containing cavities in certain bones of skull. • They are four on each side. 1. Anterior group. This includes maxillary, frontal and anterior ethmoidal. They all open in the middle meatus and their ostia lie anterior to basal lamella of middle turbinate. 2. Posterior group. This includes posterior ethmoidal sinuses which open in the superior meatus and the sphenoid sinus which opens in sphenoethmoidal recess.
- 3. MAXILLARY SINUS • largest of paranasal sinuses and occupies the body of maxilla. • Ethmoid sinuses - thin-walled air cavities in the lateral masses of ethmoid bone. Their number varies from 3 to 18. They occupy the space between upper third of lateral nasal wall and the medial wall of orbit
- 4. FRONTAL SINUS • Each frontal sinus is situated between the inner and outer tables of frontal bone, above and deep to the supraorbital margin.
- 5. SPHENOID SINUS • It occupies the body of sphenoid. • The two, right and left sinuses, are rarely symmetrical and are separated by a thin bony septum • Ostium of the sphenoid sinus is situated high up in the anterior wall and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess, medial to the superior or supreme turbinate
- 7. INDICATIONS FOR IMAGING • Rhinosinusitis – acute or chronic • Complications • Local • Orbital • Intracranial • Descending infections • Focal infections • Neoplasms • Trauma
- 9. IMAGING • Main views • Waters view • Caldwell view
- 10. WATERS VIEW
- 13. Case courtesy of Dr Bruno Di Muzio, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 31870 Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 4890
- 14. CASE 1 Case courtesy of Dr Aditya Shetty, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 27309 A 25 year old female came with history of headache, tenderness over the cheeks, postnasal discharge and mild fever
- 15. Waters view Haziness involving left maxillary sinus
- 16. CASE 2 Case courtesy of A/Prof Sergio Uribe, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 46427 A 32 year old male patient presented with frontal headache, tenderness over the forehead and nasal discharge
- 17. Waters view Haziness involving the frontal sinuses
- 18. THANK YOU