Ananya Jaiswal, a grade 11 student in Nepal, declares that the project titled "Study of use of alternative energy sources in Nepal" was completed independently under the supervision of two teachers. The project analyzes existing alternative energy use in Nepal with objectives of facilitating economic development and reducing environmental impacts. Key limitations are that the study is based on literature rather than primary research and alternative energy infrastructure would be expensive to establish initially. The document then provides details on Nepal's significant solar and hydropower resources and potential for future renewable energy development.

1. DECLARATION
I, Ananya Jaiswal student of grade 11 MN1 hereby declare that the project work
entitled “Study of use of alternative energy sources in Nepal ” under the
supervision of Chadrakant Sharma and Puspalal Tiwari, Trinity International SS
college, Nepal, presented here in genuine work done originally by us and has not
been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of any degree
program. Any literature, data or works done by others and cited in this project
work has been given due to acknowledgement and listed in the reference section.
Ananya Jaiswal
Grade 11
Section MN1
ID No. 24812
Chaitra, 2078

2. LETTER OF APPROVAL
The project work submitted to Trinity International SS, by “Ananya Jaiswal”,
entitled “Study of Alternative energy sources in Nepal” has been approved as the
partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal evaluation
………………………… ………………………….
Supervisior Supervisior

3. 1. Background
Renewable sources ofenergy are the form naturally replenishing but flow limited
in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. It was started in Europe
over 2000 year ago. The following table will show the use of energy in their time
period.
Technology Country Time (year)
Water wheel N/A 200 BC
Wind mill Netherland 1590 AD
Solar Energy System France 1590 AD
Photoelectric effect UK 1905 AD
Hoover dam USA 1905 AD
Lvanpah South California 2013 AD
Since all the types of sourceis found naturally. If we can utilized it whole country
will be in benefit.

4. 1.3. Objective:
 To facilitate economic integration and cooperation and promote
sustainable development of our country.
 To minimize the impact of the energy sector on the environment from
source to use.
 To reduce energy and carbon intensities.
 To analyze the existing use of alternative sources of energy of Nepal.
 To carry out development activities in a sustainable manner.
 To create country income and employment opportunity directly or
indirectly.
1.4 Limitations
Since the study is completely based on the facts of literature and finding on the
in internet there is no properdedication research onhow the system ofalternative
sources is currently running in Nepal. Here are some of the disadvantages: A
renewable energy infrastructure will need to be set up from scratch, which is
expensive and time consuming. There isn't currently enough electricity being
generated by these sources to power the world, and the methods of generating it
aren't consistent enough.

5. Nepal has enormous and low-cost solar energy resources. The solar potential in
Nepal is 50,000 terawatt-hours per year, which is 100 times larger than Nepal’s
hydro resource and 7,000 times larger than Nepal’s current electricity
consumption.
Solar can easily meet all future energy needs in Nepal.
Solar energy is cheaper than fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro. According to the
2020 World Energy Outlook from the International Energy Agency, “Forprojects
with low-cost financing that tap high quality resources, solar PV is now the
cheapest source of electricity in history”.
Energy from coal, oil and gas is the primary cause of climate change. However,
a radical transformation of the global energy system is underway. Solar
photovoltaics and wind now comprise two-thirds of global net new electricity
generation capacity additions because they are cheap. Deep renewable
electrification of energy services, including transport, heating and industry,
allows solar and wind to eliminate fossil fuels over the next few decades.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to limit global
warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, rapid reductions in greenhouse emissions are
required. Because solar energy is so cheap, developing countries such as Nepal
can bypass a fossil fuel era and transition directly to zero emission solar.
Very rapid reductions in the price of solar over recent years open enormous
markets in developed and developing countries alike.
The solar resource in Nepal is good enough to produceelectricity at a costofNRs
4,800 (US$40) perMWh oncethe solar industry becomes mature in Nepal, falling
to below NRs 3,600 (US$30)/MWh in 2030.
Solar energy is by far the largest and most sustainable energy resource in Nepal.

6. Nepal is a country with high solar potential, moderate hydro resources and small
wind and bio energy resources. Hydroelectricity struggles to compete with the
flexibility and low-cost of solar, particularly because the cost of solar continues
to decline. And solar energy has far lower environmental and social impact than
damming Himalayan rivers.
Small-scale solar systems forindividual households orvillages provideelectricity
for lighting, computing, telecommunications, water pumping, grain grinding and
refrigeration. Small amounts of solar electricity cost relatively little but make a
large difference to living standards. As living standards rise, families can
purchase more solar panels to mount on their rooftops.
This incremental growth in solar energy capacity allows energy supply to increase
in step with family income.
In the future, the Nepali people can expect to achieve a much higher living
standard. When Nepal catches up with the developed countries, each will
consume about 15 megawatt-hours per person person per year of electricity,
which is 70 times larger than today. Clean solar electricity will be used to light
and heat homes, cook food, power electric vehicles and drive industry, just like
in the developed countries.
Over the next 50 years, Nepal will need to install 200 watts of solar panels per
person each year (about one square meter of panel per person per year).
This is a similar deployment speed as in Australia, where deployment ofsolar and
wind systems is driving down the cost of electricity.
All parts of Nepal are favorable for solar energy.
The area of solar panel required to match the energy consumption per person in
developed countries is 40- 50 square meters per person with a nominal power
capacity of about 10 kilowatts.

7. Much of this solar panel area can be located on rooftops. Some can be on the
ground. Some can be floated on lakes and hydroelectric reservoirs. Some solar
systems can be located in food growing areas (agrivoltaics) where widely spaced
solar panels shade 10 per cent of the crop but cause little loss of production
because they reduce wind speeds and evaporation rates.
Balancing high levels of solar energy over every hour of every year is
straightforward. Strong transmission across Nepal allows the smoothing out of
local weather and demand variability. Storage via pumped hydro energy storage
and batteries allows the daily solar cycle to be accommodated.
Pumped hydro energy storage is far cheaper than batteries, hydrogen or other
storage technologies for overnight and longer-term storage, which is why it has
95 per cent of the global storage market.
According to the Global Pumped Hydro Atlas, Nepal has 2,800 good storage
sites, which is 50 times more than needed even after Nepal catches up with the
developed countries.
Importantly, none of these sites requires any rivers to be dammed, which
eliminates a high environmental and social cost.
Most of the major economies around the world have pledged to reach zero
greenhouse emissions by 2050. This requires the solar industry to become 30
times larger during the 2020s. Because ofthis massive scale-up, the price of solar
panels will halve again, and the cost of solar energy in Nepal will decline far
below any other energy source.
Solar energy has far lower risk because solar panels can be installed
incrementally.
The era of hydroelectricity from damming rivers is ending.

8. The speed of development of the global solar industry and the rapid price
reductions are so fast that previous reports on energy options for Nepal require
updating.
Solar energy in Nepal is abundant and cheap. There is more than enough solar
energy for every Nepali to enjoy the same energy consumption as in the
developed countries, but without burning any fossil fuels or damming any
Himalayan rivers.
Next Article
Nepal has a immense hydropowerpotency. In fact. the perennial nature of Nepali
rivers and the steep gradient of the country’s topographyprovide ideal conditions
for the development of some of the world’s largest hydroelectric undertakings in
Nepal. Current estimations are that Nepal has about 40. 000 MW ofeconomically
executable hydropower potency. However. the present state of affairs is that
Nepal has developed merely about 600 MW of hydropower. Therefore. majority
of the economically executable coevals has non been realized yet. Besides. the
multipurpose. secondary and third benefits have non been realized from the
development of its rivers. Although bestowed with enormous hydropower
resources. merely approximately 40 % of Nepal’s population has entree to
electricity. Most of the power workss in Nepal are run-of-river type with energy
available in surplus of the in-country demand during the monsoon season and
shortage during the dry season.
Nepal’s electricity coevals is dominated by hydropower. though in the full
scenario of energy usage of the state. the electricity is a bantam fraction. merely
1 % energy demand is fulfilled by electricity. The majority of the energy demand
is dominated by fuel wood (68 % ) . agricultural waste ( 15 % ) . carnal droppings
( 8 % ) and imported dodo fuel ( 8 % ) . The other fact is that merely

9. approximately 40 % of Nepal’s population has entree to electricity. With this
scenario and holding huge potency of hydropower development. it is of import
for Nepal to increase its energy dependence on electricity with hydropower
development.
This contributes to deforestation. dirt eroding and depletion. and increased
deluging downstream in the Ganges field. Deficit of wood besides pushes
husbandmans to fire carnal droppings. which is needed for agribusiness. Not
merely this. the development of hydropower will assist to accomplish the
millenary development ends with protecting environment. increasing literacy.
bettering wellness of kids and adult females with better energy. Turning
environmental debasement adds a sense of urgency.
Major Hydropower Plants currently under operation in Nepal
S.N Hydropower plants Installed Capacity (in MW)
1. Kaligandaki A 144
2. Middle Marsyangdi 70
3. Marsyangdi 69
4. Kulekhani I 60
5. Kulekhani II 32
6. Trisuli 24
7. Gandaki 15
8. Modi khola 14.8

10. Energy Consumption in Nepal
The electricity demand in Nepal is increasing by about 7-9 % per twelvemonth.
About 40 % of population in Nepal has entree to electricity through the grid and
off grid system. Nepal’s Tenth Five Year Plan ( 2002– 2007 ) aims to widen the
electrification within state and export to India for common benefit. Thenew
Hydropower Policy 2001 seeks to advance private sector investing in the sector
of hydropower development and purposes to spread out the electrification within
the state and export.
The hydropower system in Nepal is dominated by run-of-river Projects. There is
merely one seasonal storage undertaking in the system. There is deficit of power
during winter and spill during moisture season. Theburden factor is rather low as
the bulk ofthe ingestion is dominated byfamily usage. This instability has clearly
shown the demand for storage undertakings. and therefore. cooperation between
the two adjacent states is indispensable for the best usage of the hydro resource
for common benefit.
The system loss is one of the major issues to be addressed to better the power
system which accounts to be25 % including proficient and non-technical losingss
like pilferage.