Scada (autosaved)1

ANURAG KUMAR [BE/15274/11]
B.I.T. MESRA PATNA CAMPUS
OFFICE ORDER NO – 126
DATE STARTED – 02.05.2013

SCADA SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT
ANURAG KUMAR, B.I.T. MESRA PATNA CAMPUS , | 1
S.NO.
TOPIC NAME
PAGE NO. 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
2.
OBJECTIVE
3 3. INTRODUCTION TO SCADA 4
4.
SCADA/DMS PACKAGE AT PESU
6 5. REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT 7
6.
SCADA NETWORKING SYSTEM
10 7. FIBRE OPTICS COMMUNICATION 11
8.
RF COMMUNICATION
13 9. LEASED LINE COMMUNICATION 15
10.
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
16 11. SCADA NETWORKING IN PESU 17
12.
IGIMS (SITE VISIT)
18 13. APPLICATION OF SCADA IN PSS 19
14.
MASTER BILLING SYSTEM
22 15. CUSTOMER CARE SYSTEM 24

I am highly indebted to to Dr. A.K. Srivastava (D.G.M.) who gave me the golden opportunity to get involved in this wonderful training project on SCADA/DMS at PESU. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Mrs. Praful Lata (A.E.E), Mrs. Shashi Simu (A.E.E.), Mr. Alok Kumar (A.E.E) and Mr. Rahul Kumar (J.E.E.) for giving me their valuable guidance and precious time which helped me a lot to understand this project and without whom this project report could have no existence . I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Mr. Kamlesh Kumar (D.E.O.) who guided me in the site visit to IGIMS and made me aware about all the information about the same, which I needed a lot. Last but not the least, I would like to thank all the technical and non – technical staff of PESU SCADA for supporting me and helping me in the completion of this project.

In 2006, BSEB ( Bihar State Electricity Board) launched a new project named SCADA/DMS for PESU circles under APDRP (Accelerated Power Development And Reform Program) scheme. SCADA is now viewed as an essential component to manage the smart grid. The transmission and distribution restructuring requires SCADA to become an integral part of the unique business processes of the electric power market to seamlessly unify the separate domains of generation, transmission, and distribution. Intelligent field devices and the resultant available data requirements for SCADA in transmission and distribution sub-stations drive demand. Today there is a growing realisation in India that SCADA systems will have a significant impact on distribution control applications and the way enterprises manage, or will manage, their business to stay competitive. So, the objective of this Summer Training Project is to understand this SCADA/DMS system installed in the PESU SCADA area of BSEB from the very basics to its advances.
The various areas which I have to study mainly in this project can be classified as –
I. SCADA/DMS System
II. IGIMS Power Sub Station(site visit)
III. Master Billing System
IV. Customer Care System

ABOUT SCADA….
 Acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition, is a computer system for gathering and analysing real -time data.
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 Actually, SCADA refers to a system that enables an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate, control and operate distribution components, equipment and devices in a real-time mode from remote locations with acquisition of data for analysis, and planning from one central location.
 SCADA systems can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system.
 SCADA systems were first used in the 1960s.
 Basic Functions of SCADA can be stated as –
 Monitoring – This provides real time monitoring and control of the power system network.
 Data acquisition - Furnishes Status information and measurands data to the operator.
 Control – Allows the operator to control the devices e.g., Circuit Breakers, Transformer Tap changers etc., from a remote centralized location.

 Data processing – includes data quality and integrity check, Limit check, analog value processing etc.,
 Tagging – Operator identifies any specific device and subjects to specific operating restrictions to prevent from unauthorized operations.
 Alarms - Alerts the operator of unplanned events and undesirable operating conditions in the order of their severity and criticality.
 Logging – Logs all operator entries, alarms and selected information.
 Trending – Plots measurements on selected scale to give information on the trends e.g., one minute, one hour etc.,
 Historical Reporting – To save and analyse the historical data for reporting, typically for a period of 2 or more years and to archive.
ABOUT DMS….  A Distribution Management System (DMS) is a collection of applications designed to monitor & control the entire distribution network efficiently and reliably.  It acts as a decision support system to assist the control room and field operating personnel with the monitoring and control of the electric distribution system.  DMSs access real-time data and provides all information on a single console at the control centre in an integrated manner.  Some basic functions of DMS can be stated as –  Reduce the duration of outages  Improve the speed and accuracy of outage predictions.  Improve the operational efficiency  A DMS incorporates IVR and other mobile technologies, through which there is an improved outage communications for customer calls.  Provide customers with more accurate estimated restoration times.

The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (anything from an industrial plant to a nation). Most control actions are performed automatically by RTUs or by PLCs. Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment status reports that are communicated to SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control room operator using the HMI (Human Machine Interface) can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override normal RTU (PLC) controls. A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:  Remote Terminal Unit - Remote terminal units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system.  Supervisory System - A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process.  Human Machine Interface - A human–machine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process.  Networking System - Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the remote terminal units and the remote terminal units to different site equipments.  Computer Security System – A good security system for Control systems to avoid network attacks.
To study the whole SCADA / DMS package , one needs to go through all the parts of the SCADA system listed above seriously. So, the forthcoming pages of this project revolves around these sub topics after which we will move to the other parts of the project like Master Billing System, Customer Care System, etc.

The RTU or the Remote Terminal Unit is one of the major components of the SCADA system. It is located in the sub stations and acts as a primary interface between field devices and the Master Control Centre. It gathers information that is present in the field and sends it to the MCC. So, we see that it is a two way communication device that keeps updating the status of the field continually and simultaneously executing the commands from the Control Centre. The RTU used in IGIMS PSS is ABB-560A.
If we take a closer look at the RTU panel, one can see a stack of racks which can be classified as –

1. Basic Rack
The Basic rack or the Communication Sub Rack houses the brain of the RTU. It consists of a number of slots. Into these slots are inserted a set of “Cards”. The Cards are the CPUs of RTU. They help in coordinating the flow of data from and into the RTU. These CPUs are basically of two types –
a. SLI (Serial Line Interface) Cards (For
Communicating with the Energy Meters) - The
SLI Card acts as an interface between the RTU
and the Energy Meters. It continually reads data in and out of the Energy Meters. It is generally placed in a slot of the Basic Rack. The SLI card has got a provision for communicating with the Energy Meters through four ports, A, B, 1 and 2. The ports A and B are of the RS485 type where 1 and 2 are of the RS232. The SLI card has an MMI port for handling the dialogue between the web browser and the RTU.
b. ETH (Ethernet) (For Communicating with the Energy Meters as well as with the SCADA System) - The ETH card control the process events and communications with the Control Centers. It continually reads the data from the Extension Racks, the SLI cards or Energy Meters and sends it to the control center. The ETH card has a port “E”, which is used by the RTU to communicate to the Master. The ETH is connected to the Extension Rack through port A or B, called COM A and COM B. There will be 2 ETH cards per RTU.
The ETH and the SLI cards communicate with each other on the back plane bus (on the mother board) of the Basic Rack.

2. EXTENSION RACK
The Extension rack is a place, which is used to house the input/output Modules of the RTU. Similar to the structure of the Basic Rack, the Extension rack has slots into which the I/O modules can be inserted (unlike CPUs in the case of Basic Rack). The extension rack communicates only with the ETH card of the Basic Rack. In cases where there are more than one extension racks, each communication port of the extension rack is looped with the one succeeding it. As mentioned before, the extension rack is connected to one of the ETH through port A or B, called COM A and COM B.
The I/O modules are located in the Extension rack . The function of the input Modules is to send the status of the equipment present at substation to MCC. The function of the output Modules is to control the status of the equipment from the MCC. Thus, we see that the flow of data, in the case of input modules, is from RTU to MCC and from MCC to RTU in the case of output modules.
The different types of I/O modules used are the….
a. DI (Digital input) cards-23BE21 - The DI cards have 16 channels, which can be used for indications. If one takes a look at front face of the DI card, one can see 16 LEDs. Each LED indicates a particular status at the field.
b. DO (Digital output) cards-23BA20 - The DO card is used to execute commands that are sent from the MCC. As soon as the DO cards get command from the MCC, it sends a pulse of 48v dc to the exciting terminal of the Heavy Duty (Interposing) Relay. As soon as the gets this pulse it closes its contacts and the command gets executed to Trip or Close a Breaker in the field. There are two Relays dedicated for each breaker, one relay for Closing and one for Tripping
c. AI (Analog Input) cards – 23AE21 - The AI card on the other hand gives the analog value of the signal. It has 16 channels on which eight signals can be configured. The input to a channel in the AI card is a 4-20ma dc current, which is proportional to the range of the analog value.

Presently IGIMS Substation is having Power Supply Unit 560PSU01 has the following characteristics and functions:
 Potential isolation between the input and
 the outputs
 Cooling by natural convection
 Electronic power limitation
 Short-circuit proof
 Over-voltage protection
 Controlled load balancing
 2 light emitting diodes for displaying output voltage U1 and U2
 Parallel operation with monitoring of redundant power supply configuration
 Alarm indication (relay) in case of failure
 Reverse Voltage protection
The power supply unit 560PSU01 generates the two supply voltages ( 5 V DC and 24 V DC ) for the RTU560 subracks 23ET24, 23TP22, 560MPR03 and 560SFR02. The output power is sufficient to supply a subrack with up to 4 communication units.
During initialization and operation the board carries out a number of tests. If a fault occurs it is reported to the communication unit. All fault conditions impairing the function of the board are displayed as common fault signal with a light emitting diode (ST) on the front panel. A failure of the board is detected by the communication unit.
If a fault occurs during running of tests the command will be cancelled. The switching through of the output relays by the release relay k1 occurs only following successful testing.

SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct wired connections, although SONET/SDH is also frequently used for large systems such as railways and power stations. The remote management or monitoring function of a SCADA system is often referred to as telemetry. The SCADA networking system of PESU can be described through a diagram as follows –

Mainly, two modes of communication i.e. Fibre Optic (51km. overhead and 9.5 km underground) and Radio Frequency (RF) have been adopted to connect all 44 Sub-stations to SCADA control centre (MCC). Ten locations (9 Sub-station-cum-division offices and 1 division office) are connected in a ring to MCC through Fibre Optic Communication as a backbone and rest 35 nos. of sub-stations are connected to nearby Fibre Optic points through RF communication system. A VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) is also being commissioned to all these locations for verbal communication among these locations utilizing the same communication system.
First developed in the 1970s, fibre- optic communication system is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fibre. The process of communicating using fibre- optics involves the following basic steps: Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fibre, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal. Modern fibre-optic communication systems generally include an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send into the optical fibre, a cable containing bundles of multiple optical fibres that is routed through underground conduits and buildings, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the signal as an electrical signal.
An optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and a buffer (a protective outer coating), in which the cladding guides the light along the core by using the method of total internal reflection. The core and the cladding (which has a lower-refractive-index) are usually made of high-quality silica glass, although they can both be made of plastic as well.

Connecting two optical fibres is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology due to the microscopic precision required to align the fibre cores. This connecting process requires a precise use of fibre optic cleaver to be handled by a technician only. Two main types of optical fibre used in optic communications include multi-mode optical fibers and single-mode optical fibers.  A multi-mode optical fibre has a larger core (≥ 50 micrometers), allowing less precise, cheaper transmitters and receivers to connect to it as well as cheaper connectors, multi-mode fibres are usually expensive and exhibit higher attenuation.  The core of a single-mode fibre is smaller (<10 micrometers) and requires more expensive components and interconnection methods, but allows much longer, higher-performance links.
1. Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
2. Data Security
3. Non Conductive Cables
4. Eliminating Spark Hazards
5. Ease Of Installation
6. High Bandwidth Over Long Distances
1. Very costly 2. Affected by chemicals 3. Opaqueness 4. Very fragile in nature 5. Requires special skills

Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals. RF usually refers to electrical oscillations. Although radio frequency is a rate of oscillation, the term "radio frequency" or its acronym "RF" are also used as a synonym for radio – i.e. to describe the use of wireless communication, as opposed to communication via electric wires. In order to receive radio signals an antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary to tune in to a particular frequency (or frequency range).[4] This is typically done via a resonator – in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor forming a tuned circuit. The resonator amplifies oscillations within a particular frequency band, while reducing oscillations at other frequencies outside the band. Radio communication in PESU is mainly based on MARS (Multiple Address Radio Signal), so we will discuss a little about that now. MARS (Multiple Address Radio Signal)  A Multiple Address Radio Signal link is a preferred communication medium for supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and distribution automation (DA) radio communications.  A typical MARS system consists of a master station and several remote stations. The master station connects to a data acquisition controller either directly, via dedicated wire-line, or wireless link. Each remote radio station connects to such a data collection unit as Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or Intelligent Electronic Device (IED).  The MAS Radio is a single channel system that the master unit uses to communicate with multiple remote radio station units. The master unit is always ready to transmit and receive to prevent delays due to transmitter keying. Each remote unit with a unique address is always in the listening mode until polled and is then ready to transmit.  For a large service area, many master units are needed to cover groups of remote units. Each link covers typically 15 km which can be extended by using repeaters. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allows channel bandwidth of 12.5 kHz which limits the expansion and upgrade capability of the MAS Radio System.

RADIO ANTENNA Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communications receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as wireless microphones, etc. Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors ("elements"), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields, when created in the proper proportions, radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be divided mainly into two types on the basis of its plot of field strength v/s angle – 1. Omnidirectional antenna - An omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates radio wave power uniformly in all directions in one plane, with the radiated power decreasing with elevation angle above or below the plane, dropping to zero on the antenna's axis. This radiation pattern is often described as "doughnut shaped".
2. Directional antenna – A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance on transmit and receive and reduced interference from unwanted sources. Directional antennas like Yagi-Uda antennas provide increased performance over dipole antennas when a greater concentration of radiation in a certain direction is desired.

The advantages of RF communication can be listed as –
1. Cost effectiveness
2. Quick setup
3. Fast reallocation
4. Inaccessibility
5. Line of site A leased line is a service contract between a provider and a customer, whereby the provider agrees to deliver a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two or more locations in exchange for a monthly rent (hence the term lease). The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed of the circuit. Because the connection does not carry anybody else's communications, the carrier can assure a given level of quality. Leased lines are used to build up private networks, private telephone networks (by interconnecting PBXs) or access the internet or a partner network (extranet). In India, leased lines are available at speeds of 64 kbit/s, 128 kbit/s, 256 kbit/s, 512 kbit/s, 1 Mbit/s, 2 Mbit/s, 4 Mbit/s, 8 Mbit/s, 16 Mbit/s T1(1.544 Mbit/s) or E1(2.048 Mbit/s). Customers are connected either through OFC, telephone lines ADSL, or through Wifi. Customers would have to manage their own network termination equipment, namely the Channel service unit and Data service unit. Most service providers give 99% uptime guarantee.
In PESU, some PSS like Pathar Ki Maszid, Padri Ki Haveli, Gola Road, Mahruf Gang, Bankipur Sub div1 and Sub div2 are connected through this type of communication BSNL is the service provider of this leased line.
Advantages –
1. Small capital outlay
2. Maintained circuit quality
3. No communication expertise required
4. Adaptable to changing traffic pattern

A human–machine interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process. HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides. The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that the operators or system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are represented in the interface. An important part of most SCADA implementations is alarm handling. The system monitors whether certain alarm conditions are satisfied, to determine when an alarm event has occurred. Once an alarm event has been detected, one or more actions are taken (such as the activation of one or more alarm indicators, and perhaps the generation of email or text messages so that management or remote SCADA operators are informed). The term supervisory station refers to the servers and software responsible for communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, SENSORS etc.), and then to the HMI software running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere. In smaller SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a single PC. In larger SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple servers, distributed software applications, and disaster recovery sites. To increase the integrity of the system the multiple servers will often be configured in a dual-redundant or hot-standby formation providing continuous control and monitoring in the event of a server failure. Now we are in a state to understand the whole networking of PESU SCADA and thus the next topic of our discussion is ……….

SCADA Networking system deals with flow of current from Panel to field and field to panel by the help of different types of equipment. Line of site communication (LOS-COM) transferred by client Radio with the help of Directional antenna and received by Master Radio with the help of omnidirectional antenna. Then LOS-COM goes to Power over Ethernet Protocol.
There are two types of panels in the Master P.S.S :-
1. RTU 560 PANEL - Remote terminal unit is a Receiving terminal. There are many sections in RTU also used for communication purpose between field to Office and vice-versa. LOS-COM went to D-link switch through POE. There are 8 ports in the D-link switch. 4 are always in used and sat some places more are in use. This RTU is also connected to 3KVA UPS through D-link switch. This UPS 230v is for its operation and supply 48v for RTU operations. Extension rack is connected to D-link switch and one to POE and other is connected AC power ports. The D-link switch is also connected to VOIP and this VOIP is connected to telephone set which is used to Exchange for communication.
PLC (Programming Logic Control) is also connected to the D-link switch. This equipment is to indicate any Radio fault for Active and Standby mode. The battery bank are also available that are used in case of power failure.
2. FOX 515 PANEL - It is panel that supply or receive LOS-com, from sub-station to Radio or radio to panel. There are group of cards of FOX 515 are as follows.
a. Card no.21 is used is to supply power and called as POWER SUPPLY UNIT.
b. Card no. 15 and 17 is known as TOUPAN card. This card is for signal transmission and receiver.
c. Card no.7 is known as COBOX card. This card is act like a micro - processor of this system.
d. Card no. 5 is used for billing purposes.
 One switch of D-link is connected the FOX 515 and then to substation FOX 515 then it is connected to MCC. All these connections are done using wires.
 2 LAVA card is used for communication purposes
 Breaker in field is connected to the communication rack of RTU and then combine metering unit to digital feeder and then show the data on display meters.

We were given the opportunity to visit the IGIMS PSS (one of the 44 sub stations) -
In PSS, there is always 2 incoming feeders. 1st is in Active mode and other in Standby mode. In IGIMS Sub-station also there are 2 incoming feeders. Input feeders are –
1. Khagaul
2. Canal
And the output feeders are –
1. Satpura
2. Khajpura
3. Rajabazar
4. Shastri Nagar
5. AG Colony

At this PSS both incoming feeders consists 2 insulators and individual Breaker. in this PSS also 33kv voltage is feed to transformer and after conversion it is send for domestic use in different nearby areas. Thus, 33kv voltage is come from grid and fed to 33kv Breaker and then fed to Bus-bar and then transfer to the transformer for conversion. The transformer convert the 33kv voltage into 11kv and again fed to 11kv LT Bus-bar. Then this voltage is fed to 5 different outgoing feeders.
The circuitry connection of the whole IGIMS P.S.S. can be understood through this single line diagram –
APPLICATION OF SCADA IN P.S.S
In the SCADA system, Energy meter data and Circuit Breaker/Isolator status (ON/OFF) of all the 44-sub stations (33/11kv) is collected by RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) and is send through communication system (Fibre optic/Radio) to SCADA Control room.

This available data collected from sub-stations can be utilized for -
 Report generation
 Energy Accounting
 Customer care and
 Other activities
The power flow can also be controlled through giving command from SCADA control room to the Circuit Breaker of respective feeders at 33/11kv P/S/S.
The electric supply or the line of site communication is supplied by two input sections and transferred to 5 output section after its conversion.
 When one input supply is in active mode, the other remains in standby mode.
 The two input sections supplies 33kv voltage. Then this voltage is fed to 33kv breaker present at PSS. Breaker is used to break the connection if any fault is found also for repairing purposes.
 The insulators used at this place are made up of glass or sugar-soil. When wires are connected by cross arms on overhead lines then line should be insulated. For this purpose insulators are used in Bus-bars and in transformers. These insulators should be very strong and of high frequency so that they can bear the load of high voltage and current and prevent it to come down on Earth
through pole.
 Insulators are used for transferring
the voltage from one pole to another
and also for preventing us from any
type of shocks. There are many
types of insulators used in Bus-bar
which are as follows:-
A. Pin type Insulator
B. Disc type Insulator
C. Stray type Insulator
D. Egg type Insulator
 The Bus-bar is also known as Bus-
coupler. After reaching to Bus-bar voltage is transferred to transformer. Here the step-down
transformer is used. With the help of this transformer 33kv voltage is
converted into 11kv voltage. All the feeders gets only 11 kv voltage from the Breaker. This 11kv changes to 440v for domestic uses by different transformers set at poles before reaching at home.

 In this conversion only magnitude is changed while frequency remains the same. There is no energy meter connected through these transformers. The 33kv Bus-bar is known as HT Bus-bar and 11kv Bus-bar is known as LT Bus-bar. But in construction basis both bus-bars are similar.
 Bus-bar is used to hold
the load of current and
attached the transformer
to brake. At each Bus-
bar insulators are
present for our safety.
 After conversion the
11kv voltage is reach to
LT bus-bar and again
goes to breaker. If any
fault is found Breaker
cut the connections and
if not, the voltage is transferred to different outgoing feeders as per requirement.
The specification of the Power Transformer used in the IGIMS P.S.S. can be observed through this image ……..

Master Billing System is also a part of the SCADA/DMS project of PESU. Under this project, billing of LT and HT category of consumers are to be covered. Spot Bill Machine (SBM) are to be utilized for billing of LT category of consumers.
Consumer data(like consumer number, address, name, area code, meter detail, phase, load, tariff category, previous reading, errors if any etc.) is downloaded first in SBM from computer connected to Master Billing Centre (MBC) before each billing cycle.
Meter reader goes to consumer premises with the SBM and generates and serves Energy bill with current meter reading. Afterwards, billing data from SBM is upload to MBC through connected computers. For HT consumers, meter reading is done by CMRI (Common meter reading instrument), AMR equipment (Automatic meter reading) or manual and bills are generated by web-based billing applications.
All these HT & LT bill data is available to all connected Bill Collection Centers (BCC) for collection and other related activities. A total of 30 nos. of BCC are proposed out of which 25nos are situated at Sub-stations and are connected through existing communication system of SCADA i.e. Fibre Optics/Radio whereas rest 5nos of BCC are connected through leased line.

Energy accounting application takes the energy meter reading for 11kv feeders from SCADA application and meter reading of DTs through CMRI/AMR. This application further exchange data with Billing system and generate comparison reports that reconcile energy metered at sub-station end, DT end with the sum of energy distribution to connected consumers for a given period.
The whole Billing System can be understood by observing the diagram given below…..

An Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) shall work as a first-contact interface to the consumer which will work round the clock. A complaint can be booked directly on the IVRS system or to operator, if option is chosen, after entering CIN number in IVRS system. Complaint can also be booked through web. All complaints are divided into two parts – Power related complaints and Billing related complaints.
Power related complaints will be handled by Trouble Call Management (TCM) application and will be passed on to the concerned maintenance staffs at sub-stations or fuse call centres.
Billing related complaints will be handled by Service Call Management (SCM) application and will be passed on to concerned division offices for redressal.
All type of complaints has to be intimated to concerned staff automatically and by the operator. After redressal of complaints the same will be updated to the database through the respective applications for information and report generation.

Under this project, Consumer Index Number (CIN) of 12 digit is generated for each consumer holding the information of 33/11kv Sub-station, 11kv Feeder, Distribution transformer, and Pole number through which electricity to these consumer is being fed. A database of consumers with respective CIN is maintained which facilitates for Energy Accounting of 11kv feeder and Distribution Transformer and Customer Care Application.
Actually, exchange is a very important part of Customer Care System. Exchange is an electronic machine which is used for telephone line Exchange. In this machine there is capability to control the telephone by the help of cards and processors present in it. It is also known as an ELECTRONIC PRIVATE AUTOMATIC BRANCHES XCHANGE(EPABX). As it is clear from its name that xchange is an automatic machine used for professional work in SCADA working places.
This machine requires -48v power supply for its operations – one remains in active mode and other will be in standby mode.
Exchange machine uses wiring system for its connections. In this system - firstly, information is transferred to the customer care by Exchange. After that customer care operator send it to the IVRS operator and then it sends to its destinations.

All the connections of wire, which is connected by different telephones are attached with a small size machine known as Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP). This VOIP is like a gateway used for local connectivity. The VOIP is connected to the exchange using wires and also connected to local telephones used in SCADA.
EPBAX machine is divided in two parts:-
1. Upper parts.
2. Lower parts.
1. UPPER PARTS -
The upper part of EPABX is used for some specific works are- call transferring as well as branching the calls. This part consists of various cards that required individual supply voltage for its operation. These voltages are - 12v, 5v, 48v etc.
This system also operates at two supply voltages connected to the lower parts also. The important cards present in the EPBAX are as follows:-
a. SLMAC - It stands for Single Line Module Analog Click. 4 cards of SLMAC are found in upper part used for analog type telephone.
b. CMO2 - It stands for Single Line Module Operator Card. Only one SLMO2 card is found used for digital type of telephone.
c. TM2LP - Only one TM2LP is present in this system and are used for PSTN line.
d. DIVN2 - 2 cards of this type are present in upper part. This card is connected to 2 wires one is to Exchange and other is to IVRS.
e. SIUX2 - 1 SIUX2 card is present in Exchange in upper part. This card is also called as Signal Sensing card. This card is used for sensing the different types call.
Upper part is connected to the lower part through 2 PSTN lines one is in active mode and other is in stand-by mode.
2. LOWER PARTS
The lower parts of EPBAX contains processors and hard-disks for storing memory and its other operations. This part contains line trunk group control. Here also we found two modes of power supply as in upper parts. Some other cards are also present in this part used for programming one of them is APC (Administrated Programming Card).

The Hard-disk present in this system has 2GB storage capacity. The different ports are also present are:-
1. Deeling port - This is an important and very useful for processing
2. Atlanta Port - 2 Atlanta ports are present and are used for connecting other parts.
3. Unmanaged port - More than 8 Unmanaged ports are used. This part is connected to VOIP.
The Exchange depends upon the wires only and free from satellite and radio waves. In SCADA SIMENS 3.0 Version Exchange is present. In SCADA BHAWAN, 30 Channels land at a time in which 10 are transferred to the 10 present operators and the rest 20 in waiting list.

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