Slide share presentation of Research design and its types stated in simple and easy words and includes Definitions,Terms, Examples and types in order to have a basic concept of research design that plays a key role to conduct a research report.

1. Presented to
Dr.Hikmat ullah jan
Research methodology

2. A research design is a broad plan that states
objectives of a research project and provides the
guidelines that what is to be done to realize those
objectives. It is, in other words , a master plan for
executing a research project.
A research design is similar to broad plan or model that
describes how the entire research project would be
conducted. It is important that it must be in written form
and must be simple and clearly stated. It is same as the
blueprint of an architect’s work.

3.  Research design is a broad framework that states
the total pattern of conducting research project.
 It specifies objectives, data collection and analysis
methods, time, costs, responsibility, probable
outcomes, and actions of the project.

4.  It facilitates the smooth functioning of various research
processes.
 It results in more accurate results.
 It Minimizes the wastage of time, efforts and money.
 It also guides the researcher in the right direction.

5. There are three basic types or kinds of research design:
Exploratory Descriptive Causal

6.  The goal of exploratory research is to discover
ideas and insights.
 Descriptive research is usually concerned with
describing a population with respect to important
variables.
 Causal research is used to establish cause-and-
effect relationships between variables.

7.  Exploratory research is an unstructured, “informal”
research that is undertaken to gain background
information about the research problem.
 Exploratory research is usually conducted when the
researcher does not know much about the problem and
needs additional information about the problem.

8.  Exploratory research is conducted to provide a better
understanding of a situation. It isn’t conducted to come up
with final answers or decisions.
Through exploratory research, researchers hope
to produce hypotheses about what is going on
in a situation and what will happen in the future.
 Exploration is particularly useful when researchers lack a
clear idea of the problems that they will meet during the
study.
 Through exploration the researchers develop concepts
more clearly, establish priorities, develop
operational()definitions, and improve the
 final research design.

9.  Exploratory research is used in a number of situations:
◦ To gain background information
◦ To define terms
◦ To clarify problems and hypotheses
◦ To establish research priorities

10. A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory
research:
 Secondary Data Analysis
 Experience Surveys/Depth Interviews
 Case Analysis
 Focus Groups

11.  Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers
to questions who, what, where, when, why and how
of the research.
 It is a research design in which the major emphasis is
on determining the frequency with which something
occurs or the extent to which two variables cover.

12.  Descriptive research assumes that the researcher has much
prior knowledge about the problem situation. In fact, a
major difference between exploratory and descriptive
research is that descriptive research is characterized by
prior formulation of specific hypotheses. Thus the
information needed here is clearly defined and as a result,
descriptive research is referred to as “pre planned and
structured type”

13.  Therefore a descriptive design is directed to
answer the who, what, when, where, why, and
how of the research.

14. 1. Major objective is to describe something
2. To describe the characteristics of certain groups.
3. To make specific predictions
4. To determine relationships between variables

15. Key points, Vocabulary:
Variable
A variable is anything that can change or can be changed,
Variables are given special names that only applies to experimental researches.
One is called the dependent variable and the other the independent variable
 Independent variable
The variable that is manipulated (changed) by the researcher/ experimenter
 Dependent variable
The change or difference in the behavior as a result of the change in the
independent variable. The effect or outcome

16. Causal research design deals with the determining of cause and effect
relationship.
 It is typically in form of experiment.
 In causal research design, attempt is made to measure the impact/effect of
manipulation (Changes) of independent variables (like price, products,
advertising and selling efforts or marketing strategies in general) on
dependent variables (like sales volume, profits, and brand image). It has
more practical value in resolving marketing problems. We can set and test
hypotheses by conducting experiments.