Contemporary india and education.. (BED)

1. PRESENTED BY:-ANCHAL SINGH

2. MEANING OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Social stratification means division of society into different strata
or layers. It involves a hierarchy of social groups. Members of a
particular layer have a common identity. They have a similar life
style.
• Social stratification refers to the classification or categorization of
people into groups, with specific commonalities. Such groupings
may include economic status ,prestige ,culture ,race, religion,
age, gender, or any other characteristics.

3. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• ACCORDING TO THE LUNDBERG –”A Stratified Society is one
marked by inequally by difference among people that are evaluate
by them as being lower & Higher“
• ACCORDING TO THE GISBERT -Social Stratification is division of
society into permanent groups or Categories linked with each
other by the Relationship of superiority and Subordination

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Social stratification is universal
• Stratification is social
• It is ancient
• It is in diverse forms
• Social stratification is consequential

5. FOUR BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Social stratification is based on four basic principles:
• 1. Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences;
• 2. Social stratification carries over from generation to generation;
• 3. Social stratification is universal but variable
• 4. Social stratification involved not just inequality but also involves beliefs as well

6. TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
• Caste system
• Class system
3 classes namely
1. upper class
2. middle class
-upper middle class
- lower middle class
3. lower class
• Estate system
• Gender stratification
• Slavery

7. RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
WITH EDUCATION-
• Social stratification refers to differential access to
resources, power, autonomy, and status across
social groups. Social stratification implies social
inequality; if some groups have access to more
resources than others, the distribution of those
resources is inherently unequal.

8. EQUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
• Equality is said to exist only when inequality has been removed. But in reality
inequality is not totally eliminated , it will exist to some degree.
• It means “elimination of that level or type of Inequality which is considered
undesirable or unacceptable within the society.
• Equality of educational opportunities means that an individual has equal access to
education
• The Education Commission (1964-1966) has observed: “The main social objectives of
education is to equalize opportunity, enabling the backward or underprivileged
classes and individuals to use education as a lever for the improvement of their
condition.

9. POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION IN THE INDIAN
CONTEXT:
• to ensure equalization of educational opportunities certain measures to be taken
with immediate effect. These measures may be based on the needs and status of
disadvantaged groups, disabled children, and girls.
• 1. Primary Education
• 2. Secondary Education:
• 3. Higher Professional education
• 4. Compensatory Education:
•

10. PROBLEMS CONCERNING EQUALITY OF
OPPORTUNITIES IN EDUCATION
• Inequalities of educational opportunities arise due to Poverty as the poor cannot afford to meet
the expenses of education.
• Children studying in the rural schools have to compete with the children in urban areas where
there are well-equipped schools.
• In the places where no primary, secondary or collegiate educational institutions exist children
do not get the same opportunity as those who have all these in their neighbourhood].
• Wide inequalities also arise from differences in home environments. A child from a rural
household or slum does not have the same opportunity as a child from an upper class home
with educated parents.
• There is wide sex disparity in India. Here girl’s education is not giventhe same encouragement
as boys.