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1Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Mino
- 1. 1 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei PTRE 201 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Drilling Preliminaries 1 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Lecture Outline 2 • Phases in an oilfield life cycle • Different types of wells drilled in each phase • An overview of the activities before drilling operations start • National and international agreements involved in drilling projects • Governmental regulations
- 2. 2 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei 1. Exploration: Involves geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys 2. Appraisal: Preliminary development planning, feasibility studies 3. Development: Capital-intensive investments for operational infrastructure 4. Production: Starting to produce hydrocarbon 5. Abandonment: Decommissioning of facility installations Oilfield Life Cycle 3 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • Geoscientists predict where the oil and gas occur. – Geology: Structural and stratigraphic studies – Geochemistry: Chemistry of petroleum and its sources – Geophysics: Gravity, magnetic and seismic methodologies • Existence of a working petroleum system is proved.
- 3. – Preliminary business and economic planning – Define the optimal drilling location • Drilling starts after all » geological, » economic, » political and » environmental conditions are considered and evaluated. Exploration Phase 4 3 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • WildCat Wells – Hole” • Exploratory wells – Assess if a prospect comprises commercial amounts of hydrocarbon
- 4. • Appraisal (step out, delineation) wells – Determine the size of the field – Assess the viability of the reservoir • Developmental wells – Drilled in the known extent of the field to produce the hydrocarbon • In-fill wells – Drilled within the original drilled well patterns Well-Type Classification 5 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • The most expensive component in exploration and field development. • A multidisciplinary project: – Operating company – An outside drilling contractor – One or more service companies • Health, safety and environmental (HSE)
- 5. Drilling Engineering Group Activities: – Detailed well design, drilling rig selection – Contractor evaluation and bid requests – Risk assessment – Ensuring safe, economic and on schedule operations Drilling Operations 6 4 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • In most countries, all mineral resources belong to the government • In the United States and parts of Canada, private land has two separate ownerships: – Surface rights owner • Can build a house, ranch, or farm on the land – Mineral rights owner • Can explore for and produce the gas and oil found on their land
- 6. Land Rights 7 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Lease A legal document that grants the right to explore, drill and produce oil and gas during the life of the lease. Signing Bonus An up-front payment to the owner for granting the lessee a right to explore the property for a limited period of time. – No exploration – extended Royalty A fraction of the gross revenue from production paid to the owner. Exploration Lease 8 5
- 7. Introduction to Petroleum Engineeri ng Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Concession Agreement • Full control over exploration and production • Liable for the entire costs and risks • Pay bonuses, taxes, and royalties to the host country Production-Sharing Contract • Full control over exploration and production • Liable for the entire costs and risks • An agreed share of the gross production (cost oil) goes towards the costs. • The remaining production (profit oil) is split between the company and the host country Service contract • Contractor is paid a fee for specific services Production contract • Contractor takes over an existing or underdeveloped field to improve production • Portion of the increased production paid to the contractor Foreign Contracts
- 8. 9 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Joint Operating Agreements • A single well or the development of a larger area • Reduce the financial impact of a dry hole • Cost share and production shares are defined and agreed 10 6 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Support (Contribution) Agreement Dry hole agreement • Cash contribution towards a dry hole • Receives the geological and drilling information Bottom hole agreement • Cash contribution to a certain well depth • Receives the geological and drilling information
- 9. Acreage contribution agreement • Property lease or interest contribution • Receives the geological and drilling information 11 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drilling Contracts Footage drilling contract • Based on cost per foot to drill down to contract depth Daywork contract • Based on a cost per day to drill down to contract depth Turnkey contract • An exact cost to drill down to the contract depth Combination contract • Footage rate to a certain depth and daywork rate below that 12 7
- 10. Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Government Regulations Drilling Spacing Unit (DSU) • A legally described boundary (a square or a rectangle area) around each well • Typically 40 or 80 acres for oil wells and 640 acres for gas wells. • Depends on the oil viscosity and reservoir permeability. • Well can be off center but cannot be located on the edge. Allowable • The maximum amount of production allowed from a single well, lease, or field during a specific unit of time. 13 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drilling Plan 14 Authority for expenditure (AFE) Drilling Prognosis
- 11. Drilling engineers & contractors Technical aspects Expected drill time Cost estimate Drilling permits acquired Lease is secured 8 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Site preparation 15 Site is cleared of vegetation and leveled Below-ground-level cellar is excavated Reserve pit and settling pits for water or drilling fluid (mud) discharges Pad for the drilling rig and other equipment is constructed Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Rigging Up 16
- 12. 9 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Rig Crew 17 • Company man/Rig Supervisor • Tool Pusher • Driller • Derrick man • Floormen (Rotary helpers, roughnecks) • Mud Engineer (Mud Logger) • Mechanics & Electricians Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Typical Rig Site 18 Power Pipe Racks
- 13. Drill Rig Mud System Personnel Quarters 10 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei 19 Mud System 1 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei PTRE 201 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Drilling Mechanics 1 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei History of Drilling
- 14. 2 2 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Cable Tool Rigs 3 • Derrick • Engine • Drilling Cable • Drill Stem • Drill bit • Bailer Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Cable Tool Rigs 4 Advantages: • Suitable for remote settings
- 15. • Low fuel consumption • Low capital investment and cheap maintenance • Efficient use of personnel • Simple design Disadvantages: • Very slow • Rock chips remain in the hole • Limited to vertical holes • Suitable for shallow depths 3 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Rotary Drilling Rigs 5 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • Hoisting System • Rotary System
- 16. • Fluid Circulating System • Power System • Well Control System • Well Monitoring System Rotary Rig Components 6 4 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Hoisting system 7 • Derrick • Draw works • Fast line • Crown block • Travelling block • Dead line
- 17. • Deal line anchor • Storage reel • Hook Derrick Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Hoisting System 8 5 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei The Rotating System 9 – Swivel – Kelly – Kelly Bushing – Master Bushing – Rotary Table
- 18. Drill String Rotates Rotates Bit Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • Rotary Table: Spinning section of the drillfloor • Master Bushing: Receives the rotational momentum • Kelly Bushing: Transfers the rotation to the Kelly Rotary Mechanism 10 6 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • Developed in the 1970s • Becoming very popular • More efficient than conventional rotary systems Top Drives 11
- 19. Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drill String 12 • Transmits the rotational movement to the drill bit • Transmits drilling fluid (via the mud pumps) 7 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drill Pipe Connection 13 Environmentally Friendly Drilling Systems Virtual Tour of a Drilling Rig 14 http://www.efdvirtualsite.org/ http://www.efdvirtualsite.org/ 8 Drill Pipe Connection
- 20. 15 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drill Bit 16 • Located at the bottom of the drill string • Breaks up & dislodges the formation rock • Common diameters of 3 3/4 to 26 in • Rotating at a rate of 50-100 rpm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZxUiFFVEAQ 9 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Blade Bits (Drag, Wing, Fishtail Bits) – Unconsolidated formations – Cuts the rock by shearing force Tricone Bits – Cuts by crushing and chipping
- 21. • Milled teeth – Long toothed for soft formation – Short toothed for medium hard formations • Insert or button type – Tungsten carbide implanted on the cone Drill Bit Types 17 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits • Man-made polycrystalline diamonds attached to the carbide inserts Diamond Bits • Industrial diamonds implanted on bit • Extremely hard formations • 40-50 times harder than steel bits Drill Bit Types 18 10
- 22. Drill Bits 19 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei • Drilling Fluid • Drilling fluid pumps • Mud pits • Compressors • Mud mixing equipment • Solid removal equipment The Circulating System 20 De-sander and De-silter) Mud Pump De-gasser Vibrating mesh screens (shale shaker) Mud Mixer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gbI0wDUj0U
- 23. 11 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drilling mud is a mixture of clay with: • Water (water-based) • Oil (oil-based) • Oil and water (emulsion mud) • Water & a synthetic organic matter (synthetic-based) Purpose: • Cool and lubricate the drill bit • Remove debris and cuttings • Stabilize the well wall Drilling Mud 21 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drilling Mud 22 Underbalance Drilling
- 24. Mud hydrostatic pressure < Formation pressure • Reservoir fluids flow into the wellbore • Sides of the well to cave in • Equipment trapped • Blowout Overbalance Drilling Mud hydrostatic pressure > Formation pressure • Prevent reservoir fluids from entering wellbore • Drilling mud is forced into the surrounding rocks 12 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei 23 Circulating System Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei The Power System 24 Depending on the size of the rig and the drilling depth, one or more diesel
- 25. engines supply the power to the rig. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj8AmehIwfM 13 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Well Monitoring and Control Systems 25 Well Monitoring System: • Sensors, gauges, indicators, alarms Well Control System: • Detect, stop and remove undesired formation fluid in the borehole. Kick: Undesired entrance of formation fluid into the borehole Blowout: Uncontrolled release of formation fluids from the well to the surface Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Seal, control and monitor wells to prevent uncontrolled release of formation fluids from the well.
- 26. Blowout Preventer (BOP) 26 14 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei 27 Well Control BOP https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VW3yULTG9NY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjgkCXE2P9o 1 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei PTRE 201 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Drilling Problems 1 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei
- 27. Drilling Problems 2 • Junk in hole • Stuck Pipe • Lost Circulation • Formation Damage • H2S Embrittlement • Kick and Blowout 2 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Fish in the Hole 3 • Very time consuming and costly for the operator. • A side track or a new borehole may be necessary. Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou
- 28. Rabiei Fishing Tools 4 Wireline spear Impression block (a weight with soft lead or wax on the bottom) Washover pipe (washpipe) Tapered mill reamer Junk mill Magnets 3 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Drill String Twist Off 5 Causes: • Rough pipe handling • Faulty drill string • Improper torque and stress
- 29. • Damage on the drill string Diagnosis: • Loss of drill string weight • Lack of penetration, increased rotary speed • Reduced pump pressure, increased pump speed Spear: fits into and grips the inside of the pipe Overshot: Fits and grips the outside of the pipe Overshot Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Mechanical Sticking 6 • Inadequate hole cleaning • Unconsolidated formations • Sloughing shale • Hole Geometry • Ledges: Soft rock above and below the hard rock washed out • Key seating: The drill pipe wears
- 30. a groove in the side of the well 4 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Mechanical Sticking 7 Stuck Pipe Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Mechanical Sticking 8 • Locate the stuck point using a stuck-point indicator tool or stuck-pipe log • Back off: Unscrew the free section of the drill string • Cut above the stuck point: - Chemical cutter: Hydrofluoric Acid - Jet cutter: Shaped explosive charge
- 31. - Severing tool: Powerful explosive • Use fishing tools to remove the stuck pipe Back off Video 5 Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Differential Pressure 9 ΔP = Pmud – Pformation Pmud = ρgh ΔP _ + Overbalanced Drilling Underbalanced Drilling ΔP Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei
- 32. Differential Pipe Sticking 10 Solution • Reduce hydrostatic pressure • Pipe release agents to reduce the surface tension • Sudden movement of the drill string (Jarring) Source: www.aapgsuez.net Jarring 6
- 33. Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Lost Circulation 11 Drilling fluid flow in > flow out Causes: • High formation permeability • Faults and fractures • Low formation pore pressure • Drilling fluid characteristics Introduction to Petroleum Engineering Prepared by Dr Minou Rabiei Lost Circulation
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