14. Fig. 21-3-1
Cut the DNA
into overlapping
fragments short enough
for sequencing
1
2 Clone the fragments
in plasmid or phage
vectors.
15. Fig. 21-3-2
Cut the DNA
into overlapping
fragments short enough
for sequencing
1
2
3
Clone the fragments
in plasmid or phage
vectors.
Sequence each
fragment.
16. Fig. 21-3-3
Cut the DNA
into overlapping
fragments short enough
for sequencing
1
2
3
4
Clone the fragments
in plasmid or phage
vectors.
Sequence each
fragment.
Order the
sequences into
one overall
sequence
with computer
software.
36. Fig. 21-7
Exons (regions of genes coding for protein
or giving rise to rRNA or tRNA) (1.5%)
Repetitive
DNA that
includes
transposable
elements
and related
sequences
(44%)
Introns and
regulatory
sequences
(24%)
Unique
noncoding
DNA (15%)
Repetitive
DNA
unrelated to
transposable
elements
(15%)
L1
sequences
(17%)
Alu elements
(10%)
Simple sequence
DNA (3%)
Large-segment
duplications (5–6%)
42. Fig. 21-9
Transposon
New copy of
transposon
Insertion
Transposon
is copied
Mobile transposon
DNA of
genome
(a) Transposon movement (“copy-and-paste” mechanism)
Retrotransposon
New copy of
retrotransposon
Insertion
Reverse
transcriptase
RNA
(b) Retrotransposon movement
43. Fig. 21-9a
Transposon
New copy of
transposon
DNA of
genome Transposon
is copied
Insertion
Mobile transposon
(a) Transposon movement (“copy-and-paste” mechanism)
50. Fig. 21-10
DNA
RNA transcripts
Nontranscribed
spacer Transcription unit
18S
28S
5.8S 28S
5.8S
rRNA
18S
DNA
(a) Part of the ribosomal RNA gene family
Heme
Hemoglobin
-Globin
-Globin
-Globin gene family -Globin gene family
Chromosome 16 Chromosome 11
2
1
2 1
G A
Adult
Fetus
Embryo
Fetus
and adult
Embryo
(b) The human -globin and -globin gene families
51. Fig. 21-10a
(a) Part of the ribosomal RNA gene family
18S
28S
28S
18S 5.8S
5.8S
rRNA
DNA
DNA
RNA transcripts
Nontranscribed
spacer Transcription unit
62. Fig. 21-13
Ancestral globin gene
Duplication of
ancestral gene
Mutation in
both copies
Transposition to
different chromosomes
Further duplications
and mutations
-Globin gene family
on chromosome 16
-Globin gene family
on chromosome 11
Evolutionary
time
2 1
2
1
G A
72. Fig. 21-15
Most recent
common
ancestor
of all living
things
Billions of years ago
4 3 2 1 0
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
Chimpanzee
Human
Mouse
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Millions of years ago
77. Fig. 21-16
Wild type: two normal
copies of FOXP2
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Heterozygote: one copy
of FOXP2 disrupted
Homozygote: both copies
of FOXP2 disrupted
Experiment 1: Researchers cut thin sections of brain and stained
them with reagents, allowing visualization of brain anatomy in a
UV fluorescence microscope.
Experiment 2: Researchers sepa-
rated each newborn pup from its
mother and recorded the number
of ultrasonic whistles produced by
the pup.
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Wild type Heterozygote Homozygote
Number
of
whistles
Wild
type
Hetero-
zygote
Homo-
zygote
(No
whistles)
0
100
200
300
400
78. Fig. 21-16a
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Wild type: two normal
copies of FOXP2
Heterozygote: one copy
of FOXP2 disrupted
Homozygote: both copies
of FOXP2 disrupted
Experiment 1: Researchers cut thin sections of brain and stained
them with reagents, allowing visualization of brain anatomy in a
UV fluorescence microscope.
Experiment 1
Wild type Heterozygote Homozygote
79. Fig. 21-16b
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Wild type: two normal
copies of FOXP2
Heterozygote: one copy
of FOXP2 disrupted
Homozygote: both copies
of FOXP2 disrupted
Experiment 2: Researchers separated each newborn pup
from its mother and recorded the number of ultrasonic
whistles produced by the pup.
Experiment 2
Number
of
whistles
(No
whistles)
Wild
type
Hetero-
zygote
Homo-
zygote
400
300
200
100
0
90. Fig. 21-UN1
Bacteria Archaea
Genome
size
Number
of genes
Gene
density
Most are 1–6 Mb
1,500–7,500
Higher than in eukaryotes
Introns None in
protein-coding
genes
Other
noncoding
DNA
Very little
Present in
some genes
Can be large amounts;
generally more repetitive
noncoding DNA in
multicellular eukaryotes
Unicellular eukaryotes:
present, but prevalent only
in some species
Multicellular eukaryotes:
present in most genes
Lower than in prokaryotes
(Within eukaryotes, lower
density is correlated with
larger genomes.)
5,000–40,000
Most are 10–4,000 Mb, but
a few are much larger
Eukarya