Oral Communication and Breathing

1. Carmín Uzcategui; C.I:28501015
Engineering Civil
Oral Communication
It is established between two or more people, has as a means of transmission
speech and as a code a language.
Each technique used for the purpose of exchanging ideas has a very varied
field of application, among which are: personal, social, professional, political or
scientific, among others. Whatever the time, place or circumstance,
communicating is an inevitable process of the human being.
Oral communication allows individuals to carry out the actions of daily life, train
as a person and integrate into social life.
Characteristics
-Natural capacity
In oral communication, the production of messages requires the intervention of
the lungs and vocal cords for the emission of sounds.
Similarly, the articulators (tongue, teeth, among others), other cavities and
muscles participate to perform the modulation. On the other hand, hearing
organs are needed for reception.
Thus, the possibility of the human being to communicate orally is a natural
ability. Unless there is any difficulty with any of these organs, anyone can
potentially be a sender or a recipient of messages by oral means.
-Bidirectionality
All oral communication needs at least one transmitter (or encoder) and one
receiver (or decoder). Generally, in the process both intersperse roles taking
turns to occupy these positions. This differentiates it from other forms that are
clearly unidirectional.
-Fleeting character
In oral communication, both sender and receiver need to occupy the same
temporary position at the time of the communicative act.
In the past, they also needed to occupy the same physical space. However,
advances in communications offer the possibility of contacting people separated
by thousands of kilometers.
The fleeting nature of this communication requires that communicational
contents be encoded, decoded and feedback produced within a short period of

2. time. The longer these three processes, the greater the possibility of poor
communication
-Informal context
Due to the fleeting nature of their character, in most cases, conversations
cannot be verified as long as they do not leave records.
That is why they are associated with rather informal contexts. Therefore, among
other implications, oral communication is not used very often in formal
circumstances as in legal settings.
-Performance errors
As it has an informal nature, it is common for oral communication to present
errors. Among them, you can mention the common places, the muffins and the
unfinished phrases.
Similarly, errors in concordance, unnecessary use of augmentative or
diminutive and linguistic inconsistencies are frequent.
-Possibility of doubt and rectification
Thanks to its temporality, oral communications allow the rapid exchange
between the encoder and the decoder. Likewise, it allows quick rectifications in
the message and additional explanations to ensure correct understanding.
-Diversity Reflection
There is no single way of speaking, even among those who handle the same
language. The origin and culture of those involved in a dialogue can be
revealed in the process.
In this way, oral communication can reflect social, linguistic and even
geographic diversity. The use of idioms, the style and accents of both ends of
the conversation offer this possibility.
-Body and proxemic support
Body posture, proximity between the interlocutors, gestures and even the way
of looking can, under certain conditions, accompany the oral transmission of a
message.
This support can facilitate your understanding. Even, sometimes it can
demonstrate the true intentions of the issuer.
Vices
The communicative intention in every conversation is to issue a message. But
many times, this message is not interpreted correctly by the issuer because of

3. the vices of language. To avoid them, we must know what they consist of and
what they are, so that we can avoid them and thus improve our oral expression,
and achieve good communication.
The vices of diction are those forms of construction or use of inappropriate
vocabulary that can hinder the correct interpretation of a message. It involves
vocabulary, because it includes all the factors that alter the normal flow of
communication.
-The Dequeism
Dequeism is a frequent inaccuracy in the use of transitive verbs of diction or
thought: think, imagine, suppose, believe, think, advise.
For example: I think you are wrong. (I think he is wrong).
I clarify that it was not my intention.
-Cheism
Cheism is the incorrect use of "what" without the preposition "of".
For example: The time you tell me has arrived. (The time has come for you to
tell me).
There is no doubt that Mary received it. (There is no doubt that Mary received
it.)
-Cosmism
It is a vice of construction that consists in abusing the use of the word "thing",
due to poverty of vocabulary.
For example: Altruism is a rare thing.
-Amphibology
Amphibology is the double meaning of the word. This darkness in the
expression can give more than one interpretation.
For example: Stockings for cotton ladies. (Are there cotton ladies?)
Electric pocket fan
-Archaism
They are the phrases or expressions that fell into disuse.

4. For example: Your Excellency. (Your excellence).
-Barbarism
This vice consists in pronouncing the words badly or in using improper words. It
is also abuse with foreign words.
For example: It's ok. (It's okay).
We have to practice solidarity.
What's up?
-Cacophony
Meeting or repetition of the same syllables or letters. The construction of the
sentences is unpleasant to the ear.
For example: Ára gives the rod to Aaron.
Both fools annoy as much as a single fool not so much.
-Foreingership
Unnecessary use of a voice, a phrase or a turn of a foreign language.
For example: The book was a best-seller. (Success of sale).
We will stay in a bungalow. (Cottage).
-Idiom
It is a way of speaking contrary to grammar rules.
For example: The program's reachability leaves much to be desired. (The
reaching).
I'm glad you ask me this question. (Your question is correct).
-Impropriety
It is the lack of ownership in the use of words when used with a different
meaning than they have.
For example: He is an arrogant businessman. (He is a bold executive).
Julian holds the position of councilman. (Julian serves as councilman).

5. -Neologism
It is a regular language process. However, alterations occur when the speaker
deforms the language by inventing or constructing a word outside the
conventions and with little chance of integrating properly into the system.
For example: Aerocriptography (Representation of acrobatic flight figures)
fascinates me.
-Pleonasm
It is the use of unnecessary words. It is the meaningless repetition of the same
concept with synonymous words or with similar phrases.
For example: The child went up and then down.
It seems to me personally that the problem is you.
-Solecism
It is the mistake made against the accuracy or purity of a language.
For example: After I walked down the street, I found him in the house. (After I
walked down the street, I found him in the house).
Do not forget to enter the chairs. (Do not forget to put the chairs).
-Ultra-Correction or Hypercorrection
It is the deformation of a word thinking that this is correct, by similarity to
another similar.
For example: Mother, I got into a lido just for bathing in the river. (Mother, I got
in trouble just for bathing in the river)
The city of Bilbado is one of the most important in the Basque Country. (The city
of Bilbao is one of the most important in the Basque Country)
-Vulgarism
For example: Antiyer came the soldier to the military institute. (The soldier
arrived at the military institute the day before yesterday.
The abujero did it Grabiel sleeping. (Gabriel made the hole sleeping).
-Metathesis
Vice that consists in changing the place of sound in a word.

6. For example: There is the total sum of the products. (Find the total sum of the
products).
What harms you have about your neighbor! (What prejudices do you have
about your neighbor)
-Euphemism
This vice of language consists in disguising with softness or ornaments what
can be said with direct language.
For example: Women with an easy life suffer various discriminations.
-Tag
Habit of systematically and unconsciously repeating a word, phrase or
sentence.
For example: When I went out to the patio, that is, to the pool, he was there,
that is, I found him, that is, we met ...
Breathing
A vital process for living beings is to take oxygen from the environment, process
it in the respiratory system and then eliminate it in the form of carbon dioxide.
Body functions require oxygen, and other gases are waste products. The job of
the lungs is to provide the energy (oxygen) to the cells and remove residual
gas.
-Cellular respiration
Also known as internal respiration, it is the process of transforming chemical
energy into forms of energy usable by the cell.
This process is carried out through oxidation, degrading organic compounds to
convert them into inorganic compounds. Cellular respiration, in turn, is classified
into two types: anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.
-Aerobic respiration
It is a process of energy metabolization characterized by the oxidation of
organic molecules by the action of oxygen, which is taken from the air. The end
result is water and carbon dioxide.

7. -Anaerobic respiration
It is a type of respiration in which oxygen is dispensed with, and instead, sulfate
or nitrate is used, which are those that act as final acceptors of the electron
transport chain responsible for the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, a
nucleotide essential for obtaining cellular energy).
-External breathing
It is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the
environment. It is classified as pulmonary, branchial, tracheal and cutaneous
breathing.
-Lung breathing
It is the predominant type of respiration in terrestrial vertebrates, including
humans. In this case, oxygen is taken from the air through the nose and mouth,
and will reach the trachea through the throat, through inhalation and exhalation
movements.
The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchial tubes that enter the lungs,
and in turn branch into bronchioles. These end up in sack-shaped structures
called alveoli, which is where the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide takes
place.
-Tracheal breathing
Tracheal breathing, as the name implies, occurs in the trachea, which is a
structure made up of ducts or channels through which the air passes. All insects
have tracheas that pass along their body and have contact with the outside
through openings called spiracles.
In tracheal respiration, the spiracles open to take oxygen from the air, and when
the insects are at rest, cellular osmotic pressure allows oxygen to dissolve with
tracheal fluid and carbon dioxide to be released outside .
Once the insect leaves its resting state, tracheal fluid is absorbed by the
tissues, the breathing process is completed and the spiracles open to begin the
cycle.
-Gill breath
It is a type of breathing typical of most aquatic animals and is carried out in the
gills, structures shaped like sheets that contain blood vessels.
In this case, gas exchange occurs in water, from where animals take oxygen.
-Skin breathing

8. In this case, the breathing process is carried out through the epidermis. For this
to happen efficiently, the skin must be kept moist, hence many animals have
developed characteristics such as soft skin, with multiple folds or mucous
glands to maintain moisture.
-Breathing in plants
Although plant respiration is often confused with photosynthesis, they are
complementary processes: in respiration, plants take oxygen and release
carbon dioxide. While in photosynthesis, the plant takes carbon dioxide from the
environment and releases oxygen.
In plants, external respiration is carried out through structures called stomata,
which are found in the roots, and in the lenticels, which are located in the bark
of stems and roots.
On the other hand, the cellular respiration of the plants is aerobic, hence it is
carried out according to the processes described above.
Exercises
-Abdominal breathing
Abdominal breathing is easy to perform and is very relaxing. Try this basic
exercise anytime you need to relax or relieve stress.
1. Sit or lie down in a comfortable position.
2. Place one hand on the abdomen just below the ribs and the other hand on
the chest.
3. Take a deep breath through your nose and let your abdomen push your
hand. The chest should not move.
4. Exhale through pursed lips as if you were whistling. Feel your hand sink over
your abdomen and use it to expel all the air out.
5. Perform this breathing exercise 3 to 10 times. Take your time with each
breath.
6. Notice how you feel at the end of the exercise.
-Full breath
The purpose of complete breathing is to develop the full use of the lungs and
focus on the rhythm of your breathing. You can do it in any position. But, while
learning, it is better to lie on your back with your knees bent.

9. 1. Place the left hand on the abdomen and the right hand on the chest. Observe
how the hands move when inhaling and exhaling.
2. Practice filling the lower part of the lungs by breathing, so that the "abdomen"
(left) hand rises when you inhale and the "chest" hand remains still. Always
inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth. Do this 8 to 10 times.
3. When you have filled and emptied the lower part of the lungs 8 to 10 times,
add the second step to your breathing: first, inhale air into the lower part of the
lungs as before and then continue inhaling air into the part upper chest Breathe
slowly and regularly. While doing so, the right hand will rise and the left hand
will lower slightly as the abdomen goes down.
4. As you exhale slowly through your mouth, make a slight, wheezing sound as
you lower your left hand, first, and your right hand, then. While exhaling, feel the
tension leave the body as it relaxes more and more.
5. Practice inhaling and exhaling in this way for 3 to 5 minutes. Note that the
movement of the abdomen and chest rises and falls as the waves swing.
6. Notice how you feel at the end of the exercise.
-Morning breathing
Try this exercise when you wake up in the morning to relieve stiff muscles and
free clogged airways. Then, use it throughout the day to relieve back strain.
1. In a standing position, lean forward from the waist with your knees slightly
bent and allow your arms to hang close to the floor.
1. While inhaling slowly and deeply, return to the standing position by slowly
straightening and finally raising your head.
2. Hold your breath for only a few seconds in this standing position.
3. Exhale slowly as you return to the original position, flexing forward from the
waist.
4. Notice how you feel at the end of the exercise.
Intonation
The human being not only communicates through what he says, but also
through the way he says it. That is, a person can give a concrete
expressiveness to the tone of his voice, to the appropriate modulation of
intonation in the context of a conversation. A person can give one intonation or
another depending on the context.

10. For example, facing an unexpected event can give a surprising intonation to
your message. In the same way, the intonation of a question is different from
that required by an exclamation.
Diction
It is the way to use words to form sentences, either orally or in writing. There is
talk of good diction when the use of these words is correct and correct in the
language to which they belong, without paying attention to the content or
meaning of what is expressed by the issuer.