MUS 3022 Dr. Alicia Wallace Southeastern Oklahoma State University

1. CHAPTER 22
Lecture Slides
A History of
Western Music
TENTH EDITION
by
J. PETER BURKHOLDER
DONALD JAY GROUT
CLAUDE V. PALISCA

2. CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
The Singing Instrument - Instrumental music imitated
elements of vocal music
• operatic styles blended with existing traditions
• music appealed to wide audience
Instruments and Ensembles
• music written, purchased, performed for enjoyment of
players (usually middle, upper class amateurs)
• musicians played at parties, dinners
• private and public concerts by amateur and professional
groups
• all levels of society enjoyed music for dancing

3. Invention of the piano by Bartolomeo Cristofori
(1655–1732), Florence 1700
• pianoforte (Italian for “soft-loud”)
• allowed changes in dynamics, expression through
touch
• 1760s on, increasing quantity of pianos produced:
Austria, Germany, France, England
• grand piano
• shaped like a harpsichord
• relatively expensive
• used in public performances, aristocratic homes
• square piano
• domestic instrument
• shape of a clavichord
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

4. Ensemble music
• written for numerous combinations
• melody instruments with keyboard, harp, or guitar
• 1770s and 1780s keyboard part dominates
• middle- and upper-class families, daughter skilled
the keyboard
String quartets: two violins, viola, cello
• intended for enjoyment of the performers, social
activity
• first violin carries most melodic substance
• cello provides bass and inner voices
• composers wrote concertante quartets: parts of
equal importance
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

5. Wind instruments and ensembles
• standard instruments: oboe, bassoon, flute
• clarinet invented ca. 1710, standard use by
1780s
• all made of wood, one or more keys aid in fingering
• amateurs tended not to play wind
instruments other than flute
• too difficult; in general wind instruments
considered inappropriate for women
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

6. CHAPTER 22
Lecture Slides
A History of
Western Music
TENTH EDITION
by
J. PETER BURKHOLDER
DONALD JAY GROUT
CLAUDE V. PALISCA

7. The Classical Period Orchestra
• Haydn’s orchestra 1760 to 1785
• twenty-five players
• flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 12–16 strings,
harpsichord
• trumpets and timpani occasionally added
• Viennese orchestra 1790s
• fewer than thirty-five players
• often included 2 clarinets
• basso continuo gradually abandoned
• leader of the violins directed the group
• mid-18th-century orchestration
• essential music given to strings
• winds and horns for doubling, reinforcing, filling in
harmonies
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

8. Binary forms
• most forms modulate from tonic to dominant (or relative
back to tonic
• simple binary form (dual reprise form) - two sections, each
repeated, 1st section moves from 1-V (or vi), 2nd section returns
to I
• originated as dance form
• balanced binary form - emphasis of arrival on V and return to I
new material in the dominant first section
• rounded binary form - highlights return to I in second section
• double return: opening key, opening material
• form for minuets
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

9. CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

10. Sonata form
• most common form for first movements of sonata, chamber work, or
• 18th century: two-part form organized by phrase structure and harmony
• 19th century: three-part structure
• combines aspects of rounded and balanced binary form
• 1830s view of sonata form - three sections defined thematically
• exposition
• first theme in tonic
• transition to the dominant (or relative major)
• second theme in new key, more lyrical
• development
• motives presented in new aspects, combinations
• modulates through variety of keys
• recapitulation
• material of exposition, restated in original order, all in tonic
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

11. CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

12. Classical Period Orchestral Music
• Symphony - major orchestral genre mid- to late-18th
century
• three or four movements, homophonic style
• Italian origins, 1730
• Italian sinfonia, opera overture
• orchestral concertos, Torelli
• church sonatas in northern Italy
• orchestral suites: source for binary forms
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

13. Giovanni Battista Sammartini (ca. 1700–
1775)
• Milan, first concert symphonies ever
written
• Symphony in F Major, No. 32 (ca. 1740,
NAWM 118)
• scored for strings in four parts
• three movements: fast–slow–fast
• whole piece lasts ten minutes
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

14. Johann Stamitz (1717–1757) - composer for
Mannheim orchestra (Germany)
• internationally famous orchestra
• discipline and impeccable technique
• unprecedented dynamic range; thrilled audiences
• Stamitz was the first symphonist consistently
following 4-movement structure
• Sinfonia in E-flat Major (NAWM 119), mid-1750s
• larger scale than Sammartini
• added 2 oboes and 2 horns
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

15. Concerto – soloist with orchestra, vehicle
for virtuosos, composed to play
themselves
• Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782)
(youngest son of JS Bach)
• first to compose keyboard concertos
• mostly galant style
• performed all over Europe; major
on Mozart
• Concerto for Harpsichord or Piano and
Strings in E-flat Major, Op. 7, No. 5, by
C. Bach (ca. 1770, NAWM 120), first
movement
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

16. CHAPTER 22
Lecture Slides
A History of
Western Music
TENTH EDITION
by
J. PETER BURKHOLDER
DONALD JAY GROUT
CLAUDE V. PALISCA

17. Classical Period Keyboard Music
• Growing demand by amateurs for music
• sonatas regarded as most challenging
Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757)
• original and creative keyboard composer
• virtually unknown during his lifetime
• 1719, service of king of Portugal
• 1729, Spanish court in Madrid
• composed 555 sonatas
• Essercizi (Exercises) (1738), 30 harpsichord
sonatas
• Sonata in D Major, K. 119 (1740s, NAWM 115)
• evocations of Spanish music
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

18. Domenico Alberti (ca. 1710–1746)
• 40 keyboard sonatas in galant style
• Alberti bass: accompanimental device
• repeating pattern, rapidly pulsating chordal background
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

19. Baldassare Galuppi - Venetian
composer, virtuoso harpsichordist
• 130 keyboard sonatas, one, two, or
three movements; galant style
• Sonata in D Major, Op. 2 No. 1
(NAWM 116)
• three movements, contrasts reinforce
melodic, harmonic structure
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

20. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788) (J.S. Bach‘s
son)
• one of the most influential composers of his
generation
• keyboard works: numerous, strong influence on
later composers
• Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard
Instruments (1753–62)
• established 3-movement pattern for the sonata
(fast–slow–fast)
• fast movements, galant style
• slow movements, empfindsam style
• demonstrated possibility of expressive keyboard
music
• Sonata in A Major Wq. 55/4 from Sechs Clavier-
Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber (Six Clavier
Sonatas for Connoisseurs and Amateurs, 1765)
• applied expressive tools of opera
• sudden dynamic changes, unexpected harmonic
CLASSICAL ERA INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC