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1. 1
Introduction: Earthquake hazard
Subject Code: ES101
Lecture : 34
Namita, (Assistant Professor)
Department of First Year Engineering
M: 9828408804
Email: namita.kumari@mygyanvihar.com
Department of First Year Engineering

2. Department of First Year Engineering

3. The main objective of this course is to emphasize:
(a) Developing public understanding of environmental issues.
(b)Prescribing basic information about the environment and its associated
issues.
(c) Concern for the environment must be fostered through education.
(d)Developing public enthusiasm for environmental protection and
improvement
(e) Developing skills to assist the concerned people in detecting and resolving
environmental issues
(f) Seeking a balance with Nature.
Course Objectives

4. Course outcomes
After completing the major in Environmental Studies, students will be able to:
•Articulate the interconnected and interdisciplinary nature of environmental
studies;
•Demonstrate an integrative approach to environmental issues with a focus on
sustainability;
•Use critical thinking, problem-solving, and the methodological approaches of
the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities in environmental problem
solving;
•Communicate complex environmental information to both technical and non-
technical audiences;
•Understand and evaluate the global scale of environmental problems.

5.  All-natural earthquakes occur in the lithosphere.
 Seismic wave studies offer a full picture of the layered interior.
 An earthquake is, simply put, the shaking of the earth’s crust.
 It is caused due to the energy release, which triggers waves that
travel in all directions.
 The emanation of energy occurs along a fault.
 A fault is a sharp break in the crustal rocks.
 Rocks along a fault generally move in opposing directions.

6. Tectonic earthquakes: The most common form of earthquake, is
caused by the movement of loose fragmented pieces of land on the
earth’s crust knowns as tectonic plates.
Volcanic earthquake: The less prevalent compared to the tectonic
variety, these earthquakes happen before or after the eruption of
a volcano. It is caused when magma leaving the volcano is filled by
rocks being pushed to the surface.
Collapse earthquake: This earthquake occurs in underground mines.
The main cause is the pressure generated within the rocks.
Explosion earthquakes: The occurrence of this type of earthquake is
artificial. High-density explosion such as nuclear explosions is the
primary cause.

7. • It is caused due to the tectonic movements of the earth.
• The energy release produces waves that travel in all directions.
• The point where energy is released is called the focus or
hypocentre. It is generally located at a depth of 60 km.
• This causes a release of energy, and the energy waves travel in all
directions.
• The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an
earthquake or hypocentre.
• The point on the surface of the earth which is vertically above the
focus is called the epicentre. It is the first place to experience the
waves.

8.  The following are the immediate hazardous effects of
Earthquake:
 Shaking of ground
 The disparity in ground settlement
 Natural disasters like Tsunami, landslides, mudslides, and
avalanches
 Soil liquefaction
 Ground lurching and displacement
 Floods and fires
 Infrastructure collapse.

9.  All earthquakes are different in their intensity and
magnitude. The instrument for the measurement of
vibrations is known as Seismograph.
 Magnitude scale
 Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of the
earthquake
 The energy released during a quake is expressed in
absolute numbers of 0-10.
 Intensity scale
 The Mercalli scale is used to measure the intensity of an
earthquake
 It measures the visible damage caused due to the quake.
 It is expressed in the range of 1-12.

10.  Barrow, C.J. 1999. Environmental Management. Routledge, N.Y.
 Boubel, R.W. 1991. Fundamentals of Air Pollution. Academic Press, N.Y.
 Botbin, D., and Keller, E.1995. Enironmental Science. John Wiley and Sons,
USA.
 Chadha, K.L. and Swaminathan, M.S. 2006. Environment and Agriculture.
Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
 Clark, R.S. 2001. Marine Pollution. Clanderson Press, Oxford.
Cunningham, W.P. and Saigo, B.W. 1997. Environment Science. McGraw-Hill, USA.
 Deswal, S. and Deswal, A., 2003, Energy, ecology, Environment and Society,
Dhanpat Rai&co ltd., Delhi.
 Deswal, S. and Deswal, A. 2005. A Basic Course in Environmental Studies.
Dhanpat Rai & Co ltd., Delhi.
Dhruva Narayana,V.V. 1993. Soil and Water Conservation Research in India. Indian
Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi.