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1. Alash orda
AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Teacher: Iskakova G.Z
Student: Baitemirova A.

2. 1. Introduction: The main specific features of the Kazakh liberation movement.
2. Main part: Works of Alash intellectuals:
M. Dulatov
A.Bukeihanov
A. Baitursynov
3. Conclusion: The political state of affairs in the former empire at the end of 1917

3. Here certain specific features of the Kazakh liberation movement at the start of the
twentieth century are worth noting. Firstly, the liberation movement of this period was
a logical continuation of the Kazakh people's struggle for independence, only under
new historical conditions. It was a logical continuation, for example, of the anti-
colonialist actions of the Kazakhs in the nineteenth century. Secondly, however, at the
start of the twentieth century the liberation movement was led by a political force new
to Kazakh society: the national intelligentsia. Though modest in number, they were
extremely active and politically sophisticated. A distinctive result of the progress of the
national liberation movement was the founding of the Alash party in the summer and
autumn of 1917. The party's platform, which was published in the newspaper Qazaq
(Kazakh), essentially consisted of two objectives: liberating the Kazakh people from
colonial dependency and taking them forward to surmount the nation's social and
economic backwardness. As was stated quite clearly in the party's program, it intended
to achieve these main goals through political and socio-economic reform rather than
radical revolutionary change. Thus, in terms of the methods it advocated to achieve its
objectives, the Alash movement was fundamentally different from the Bolshevist
faction of social democrats. It was no accident, therefore, that the ideas and slogans of
the October socialist revolution of 1917 were rejected out of hand by Alash.

5. The head of state and government would be the president, elected by the State
Duma for a fixed term. All citizens would have the right to vote, irrespective of
their origin, faith and gender. The power to legislate would lie with the State
Duma, which would monitor the activities of government agencies, hear their
reports and make enquiries regarding specific areas of interest. It is interesting to
note that before the 1917 Bolshevik revolution the leaders of the Alash movement
were hesitant to discuss the question of independent statehood, limiting
themselves to the demands that Kazakh oblasts be given the right to a certain
amount of local self-government and a greater role in the judicial process and
military service, with account for local customs. The Alash program states that "all
Kazakh lands are united as a consolidated whole, are sovereign and join the
Russian Republic on federal grounds."

6. The figures of "Alash" and representatives of the
Kazakh administrative elite, scientific and creative
intelligentsia laid the foundation of the Kazakh
statehood. Today, without knowing it, we live in the state
whose borders were roughly delineated by the
participants of the Alash of the Horde in the early
1920s. Alash leaders took an active part in the process of
national-territorial delimitation of Central Asia and the
reunification of Kazakh lands. Representatives of the
Alashian intelligentsia A. Bukeikhanov, A. Baytursynov,
M. Dulatov, A. Beremzhanov, M. Shokai, Zh. Akpaev, M.
Tynyshpayev, A. Ermekov, as well as national-
communists S. Khodzhanov, T. Ryskulov, S. Mendeshev,
S. Seifullin, S. Asfendiyarov, S. Sadvokasov, N. Nurmakov
and others made every effort to ensure the integrity of
the Kazakh territory.

7. Swiftly, like a hurricane, he broke into history with his book "Oyan Kazakh", created in 1909. The revolutionary spirit,
the desire to devote his life to the Fatherland, led him to the "Alash" party, and then to the government of Alash of
the Horde, where he together with A. Baytursynov published the main printed organ of Alash Orda - the newspaper
"Kazakh". The newspaper "Kazakh" did a great job in forming the self-consciousness of the Kazakh people, calling
on the people to settle down, education, preservation of spiritual values, unity, unification around the Alash of the
Horde to gain autonomy within Russia. And autonomy was considered as the first stage on the road to full
independence. The book "Oyan Kazakh", reprinted by the publishing house "Altyn Orda" in 1991, at one time was a
major event in the life of the Kazakh people. The book called on the people to get up, change their minds, look at the
world, assess their own situation in it, follow the path of enlightenment, abandon nomadism, move to a settled way of
life and master the modern way of life. In the poem "The Cossack, the Zherler!" ("The Land of the Kazakhs") M.
Dulatov painfully writes about the expulsion of Kazakhs from the fertile lands, about the large narrowing of the
territory of the Kazakhs' residence. Unfortunately, M. Dulatov's creative legacy, political and state activities are also not
really investigated. His whole life up to his arrest and execution by the colonial authorities is a major event in the
history of Kazakhstan. Alimkhan Yermekov.
A graduate of the Tomsk Technological (Polytechnic) Institute, built on the personal funds of Tsar Nicholas II, who
was one of the most prestigious universities graduated from K. Satpayev and many other Kazakh specialists who held
large positions in industry and construction. A. Yermekov, a prominent figure in the Alash of the Horde, worked in
the government of the Kirghiz Autonomy as part of the RSFSR and prepared proposals for the report of VI Lenin in
July 1920 about its borders. A. Ermekov proposed the formation of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Autonomous Republic in
the Orenburg, Astrakhan regions, the Altai Territory of the modern Russian Federation and the territory of modern
Kazakhstan. His argument, he argued that since ancient times in the territory of the Astrakhan region lived and live
Kazakh families Alshyn, Kipshak and was located Bukeyevskaya horde, in the valleys of the Katun and Biya (Kazakh
names Katyn and Bi) - the Argin, Naiman, Keresh. In addition, Kazakhs live in the Kulunda steppe (the Kazakh name
is Kulshdy). Despite this, the Astrakhan Region and the Altai Territory were not included in the Kirghiz Autonomous
Republic, and it was formed in the Orenburg, Karakalpak regions and the territory of the modern Republic of
Kazakhstan.

8. He received his higher education in Petrograd, graduated from the Forest Institute,
one of the most prestigious at that time. Elected deputy of the State Duma of Russia.
Being in the midst of political events crucial for the Russian Empire period - on the
eve of the February Revolution of 1917, perfectly understood the situation in Russia
and its place and role in the world. Welcomed the February revolution as the beginning
of democratic reforms in Russia and believed that the new government of Russia
would pass to its federal structure, giving autonomy to the numerous peoples of the
national suburbs, including the Kazakh one.
A. Bukeikhanov supported the policy of the Provisional Government with respect to
conducting a war with Germany to a victorious end, believed that after the entry of
the US into the war on the side of Great Britain and France, Germany's defeat in the
war would be inevitable. Bukeikhanov understood that the desire of the Bolsheviks led
by Lenin to break up the Russian army under the slogan "Peace to huts, war to
palaces" only prolongs the war, weakening the Eastern Front of the Entente, and
increases the number of victims. An armed coup in Russia, organized by Lenin, like
many other politicians, did not expect, but the Bolshevik program for seizing power in
Russia knew well and in every way opposed it.

9. One of the ideologists and leaders of Alash Orda, the
publisher and editor of the main printed organ of the
Alash Party and the government of Alash Orda is the
Kazakh newspaper. On the life and work of A.
Baytursynov there are a lot of studies, which, however,
do not give a complete picture of this extraordinary
personality. In 1998, the 125th anniversary of his birth
was celebrated. The works of A. Baytursynov were
published in 1989 by the publishing house "Zhazushy",
Alma-Ata. However, the collection did not include his
main works.
The path of Ahmet Baitursynov, the great patriot of
the Kazakh people, who gave his life for his future,
was tragic.

10. •The Regulation on Elections to the State Duma of July 3,
1907. See V. I. Kovalenko et al., eds.,Political history of Russia:
Khrestomatiia (Moscow, 1996), p. 607.
•The decision to create the Alash political party was made at
the all-Kazakh congress in July 1917. Alash qozghalisi /
Dvizhenie Alash: collection of documents and materials, vol. 1
(Almaty, 2004), pp. 438-441
•https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alash-Orda