1. Azerbaijan University of
Language
Faculty: Philology
Profession: Journalism
Subject: History of Azerbaijan
Course: 1st
Teacher: Sevinj Abbasova
Student: Jala İsmayilova
Topic: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Source:
1.https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C9%99rb
aycan_Xalq_C%C3%BCmhuriyy%C9%99ti
2.
https://kayzen.az/blog/Az%C9%99rbaycan-
tarixi/5543/axc-s%C3%BCqutu.html
2. The existence of the Transcaucasian
Democratic Federal Republic, which
began on February 23, 1918 and united
3 countries - Azerbaijan, Georgia and
Armenia, ended on May 26, 1918, when
Georgia declared its independence.
On May 27, the National Council of
Azerbaijan, consisting of 44 members and
chaired by M.A. Rasulzade, was established.
On May 28, the approval of Independence was
adopted with the participation of 26 deputies.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic declared its
independence. This news was broadcast on the
radios of the world countries.
3. The territory of the Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic was 114
thousand square kilometers
and the population consisted of
2.8 million people. First capital
city of ADR is Ganja. The
government noved to Ganja on
June 16.
4. On June 4, a treaty of peace and friendship was signed with the Ottomans
in Batumi. The agreement was aimed at military support. 1 day after the
conclusion of the agreement, Caucasian Islamic army entered Ganja.On
June 17, the National Council ceases its activity, power is transferred to the
2nd provisional government headed by F. Khoysky.
5. According to the decision of
the government dated June
24, 1918, a flag made of red
cloth depicting a white
crescent and an eight-pointed
star on a red background was
adopted as the national flag
of Azerbaijan. On November
9, this flag was replaced by a
blue, red and green flag with
a white crescent and an
eight-pointed star. The three
colors of the national flag of
the Republic of Azerbaijan
"represented Turkish national
culture, modern European
democracy and Islamic
civilization".
6. On June 26, 1918 the Government of the People's Republic made a
decision on the establishment of separate division, the first unit of
the National Army. At that time, the military forces, which were
subordinated to the government of the republic together with
Turkish (Ottoman) military units (the Caucasian Islamic Army),
under the command of Nuri Pasha had fierce battles with forces of
Baku commune. The decision on organization of the Ministry of
Defense of the Republic was adopted later on August 1. The ministry
self began activity in December 1918. One of the generals of former
Russian army, Samad bey Mehmandarov was appointed as Defense
Minister and Ali Agha Shikhlinskias Deputy Minister.
7. On June 27, 1918 - the Caucasian Islamic Army Azerbaijani
and Turkish (Ottoman), consisting of military forces
defeated troops of Baku Soviet in battle near Goychay.
After this victory units of the Caucasus Islamic Army
stopped attacks of Dashnak-Bolshevik troops and began
counter-attacks.
8. On June 27, 1918 -
the Caucasian Islamic
Army Azerbaijani and
Turkish (Ottoman),
consisting of military
forces defeated troops
of Baku Soviet in battle
near Goychay. After
this victory units of the
Caucasus Islamic Army
stopped attacks of
Dashnak-Bolshevik
troops and began
counter-attacks.
On July 10, 1918 -
Azerbaijani and Turkish
(Ottoman) forces (the
Caucasian Islamic
Army) in the battle
near Kurdamir had
defeated Dashnak-
Bolshevik Baku Council
troops. Kurdamir
settlement was
liberated from
occupants. After this
victory the Caucasian
Islamic Army launched
a counter-attack on
Dashnak-Bolshevik
forces. On July 14,
the Azerbaijani-Turkish
troops have seized the
strategically important
Karar railway station.
On July 20, 1918 -
forces of People's
Democratic Republic and
the Turkish (Ottoman),
the Caucasian Islamic
Army under the command
of Nuri Pasha once made
a blow on Dashnak-
Bolshevik Baku Commune
troops and so liberated
city of Shamakhy.
On July 20, 1918 the
Turkish and Azerbaijani
troops under the
command of Nuru Pasha
began to forward on
direction of Baku from the
south (now Neftchala
area).
9. On September 6, 1918 - A delegation of the
Democratic Republic met in Istanbul with the
leadership of Ottoman state. Delegation included
Chairman of the Council M. Rasulzade, member
of Musavat fraction Kh.Khasmamedov and
general S. Safikurdski was received by the new
Ottoman sultan Mehmet VI. It was the first
foreign official visit of the official delegation of
People’s Republic. At the meeting participated by
Ottoman military leadership (Enver Pasha), the
matter of military aid to the People's Republic
and liberation of Baku was the main topic. After
this meeting a decision on decisive attack on the
liberation of Baku city was taken.
10. After heavy fights on September 15, 1918, the units of national army of Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic and the Ottoman Turkish Islamic army led by Nuru Pasha had
liberties Baku from Bolshevik, Armenian, and English military units and
independent government of Azerbaijan has moved to Baku.
11. Parliament was inaugurated in 1918. The Speaker of
the Parliament was A. Topchubashov, and his deputy
was H. Agayev. Although the majority of 120 deputies
were Muslim-Turkish intellectuals, there were also
deputies representing Russian, Armenian and Jewish
peoples.
In total, 145 meetings of the Parliament of the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic were held
during its 17 months of activity. Due to the lack
of quorum, 15 of the meetings did not take place.
During his activity, more than 270 draft laws
were brought up for discussion by the
Parliament of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and
about 230 of them were adopted. At the last
session of the Parliament held on April 27, 1920,
a decision was made to peacefully hand over
power to the Bolsheviks. The composition of the
Parliament of the Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic: Speaker of the Parliament - Ali
Mardan bey Topchubashov First Deputy
Chairman - Hasan Bey Agayev Deputy chairman
- Mammadyusif Jafarov Secretary General of the
Parliament - Bagir bey Rzayev Secretaries –
Mehdi Bey Hajinski, Bayram Niyazi
Kicichkhanli
12. Friendly relations with neighboring states,
regardless of their nationality and religious
belief, were the leading direction of
Azerbaijani diplomacy and formed its
starting point. From the point of view of
major world politics, the foreign policy of the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic can be
divided into three periods: the period of
orientation towards Turkey (May-October
1918); Western orientation period (November
1918-January 1920); the period of the
struggle to enter a broad and comprehensive
world cooperation - (January-April 1920).
13. On March 30, 1920, the fifth government cabinet resigned as a result of the intensification of
inter-party strife and the disruptive activity of socialist factions in the parliament. The
formation of the new government was entrusted to Mammadhasan Hajinsky. Communists'
refusal to enter the government and inter-party conflicts made it impossible to form a new
government.
Increasing political and diplomatic pressure against the Azerbaijani government, Soviet Russia
used Bolsheviks and Armenians to overthrow the national government. Thus, on April 28, 1920,
units of the XI Red Army entered Baku. Thus, the independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic was ended and Azerbaijan was again occupied by Russia.
14. Interesting facts about ADR:
1.M.A. Rasulzade was not present at the meeting of the National
Council in Tbilisi on May 27, 1918. At that time, he was on a trip
to conclude a treaty with the Ottoman state.
2. The reason why the ADR flag was changed to three colors on
November 9 was to prevent General Thomson, who will soon
arrive in Baku, from thinking that these areas are part of the
Ottoman Empire.
3. The name of the Turkish army that came to the aid of
Azerbaijan was called the Caucasian Islamic Army in order not to
provoke the protest of the Germans who were trying to strengthen
themselves there.
4. V. Wilson said at the Paris peace conference: The Muslims who
came here from the Caucasus to promote the independence of
their country, although their language was not the same as ours,
their actions were the same.
