content such as Introduction, Quality, Breeding approaches, Crops, Future thrust, Conclusion

1. BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS
IN VEGETABLE CROPS
Submitted by
S.ADHIYAMAAN (2017603401)
I-M.Sc.,VEGETABLE SCIENCE
DEPT. OF VEGETABLE CROPS
HC & RI, TNAU, CBE.- 641 003

2. BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS
IN VEGETABLE CROPS
Vegetables play a significant role in the human diet by making
balanced supply of most important natural elements which are
generally deficient in other food materials, except fruits.
Vegetables are excellent sources of roughages, proteins, vitamins,
carbohydrates and minerals required for perfect health and curing
nutritional disorders

3. 1. Introduction
2. Quality
3. Breeding approaches
4. Crops
5. Future thrust
6. Conclusion
CONTENT
a. Solanaceae
b. Malvaceae
c. Alliaceae
d. Euphorbiaceae
e. Convoluvaceae
f. Cucurbitaceae
g. Brassicaceae
h. Apiacae
i. Leguminoaceae
j. Amaranthaceae

4. INTRODUCTION
 Improving the quality of food crops- provide nutrient
security.
 Vegetables are cheaper sources of nutrients and can easily
meet the dietary requirements.
 Vegetables now lay emphasis on the quality of vegetable and
value added products.
 Need to standardize growing technologies and development
of new hybrids for production of quality vegetables.

5. QUALITY
The dictionary meaning of quality is the “Degree of
excellence” for a specific use.
 Quality refers to many aspects like colour, size, nutrient
content, shelf life and suitability for processing.
 Suitability of fitness of an economic plant product in relation
to it's used.

6. India remains lacking in the commitment
to tackle undernourishment
One in four children are affected by
stunting
14.5 % of the population suffers
from undernourishment in 2014-
2016
At the national level, 53 % of
women are anaemic
NITI Aayog- complementing
cereals with more nutritious food
items should be the goal
The UN’s state for Food Security and Nutrition in the World report for 2017-25/06/2018

7. It is time the government finds a sustainable
solutions to the malnutrition crisis
Scant diet diversity
Analysis of state’s budget shows
that the nutrition expenditure has
drastically declined from 1.68 % in
2012-2013 to 0.94 % in 2018-2019
Schemes have no desired impact
-26/06/2018

8. QUALITY TRAIT
 “A trait defines aspects of quality of produce”.
 Each crop- specific and different set of quality traits.
 But - differs from species to species depending upon plant part
used as economic product.

9. Classification of Quality traits
• Morphological
• Organoleptic
• Nutritional
• Biological
• others
Genetics
• Oligogenic inheritance
• Polygeneic inheritance
• Maternal inhertance

10. Morphological Traits
Related to produce appearance mainly concerned with
size & colour of the produce, eg. Grain/ fruit size,
grain/fruit colour etc.
Easily observable.
Usually play the main role in determining consumer
acceptance of the produce.

11. Organoleptic traits
• Concerned with palatability of the produce
eg, taste, aroma, smell, juiciness, softness, etc.
• Easily detected
• Very important in influencing consumer preferences

12. Nutritional Quality
• Determine the value of the produce in human/ animal nutrition.
• Includes protein content & quality, oil content & quality, vitamin
content, mineral content, etc., and also the presence of anti
nutritional factors.
• But they are of paramount value in determining human & animal
health.
• Not easily appreciated by consumers & farmers
• Most prevalent deficiencies in human beings are Fe, Zn, Vit.-A,
Vit.- B9

13. MOLECULAR FOOD SCANNER IN RETAIL SHOP

14. Biological quality traits
• The traits included in this group define the actual usefulness
of the produce (humans) when consumed by experimental
animals.
• Example-Protein efficiency ratio, biological value, body
weight gained.etc
• These traits are not obvious to consumers & growers
• But are extremely valuable in determining the utility of
produce for human / animal consumption

15. Other quality traits
• Includes all other qualify traits that are not included in
the above categories.
• eg., cooking quality and keeping qualify of vegetables,
• Many of the traits in this group are of prime importance
in determining the usefulness of the concerned produce.

16. Quality components of fresh vegetables
Appearance(visual)
Size, dimension, weight, volume, shape and form, smoothness,
compactness, uniformity colour, uniformity and intensity Gloss,
nature of surface wax Defects: external, internal
(morphological, physical and mechanical, physiological,
pathological and entomological)
Texture
Firmness, hardness or softness, Crispness, succulence,
juiciness, Mealiness, grittiness, fibrousness, Toughness

17. Flavour (Taste and smell)
Sweetness, sourness(acidity), astringency, bitterness, aroma, off
odour, off flavour.
Nutritive value
Contents of carbohydrates, proteins, Lipids, vitamins, minerals,
fiber, water, Antioxidants etc.
Safety
Naturally occurring toxicants, Contaminants (chemical residues,
heavy metals) Mycotoxins Microbial contamination

18. N-QUALITY TRAITS
1. Protein
2.Vitamin-A
3. Vitamin-C
4. Sugar and solids
5. Acidity
6. Lycopene
7. Carotene
8. Capsaicin
9.Capsanthin
10.Tomatine
11.Phenols
12.Glycoalkaloid
13. Colour
14. Post harvest shelf life

19. Protein
• Important attribute in beans and peas
followed by lentill, tomato, pumpkin, carrot,
melons, cucumber etc.
 Beans- 'Bonita' -high protein.
 'Tiny' – high protein pea variety.
 Vicia faba- Indian varieties – high protein than
German varieties.
 'Laxton', 'Tendrilled' and 'Onward'- high
lysine as well as protein content.

20. Problems in improving protein content
Negative correlation between yield and protein content
Positive correlation between protein and lysine
 Poor stability of total protein and lysine content.
Environmental conditions such as soil nitrogen, disease,
spacing tend to affect protein content.
 Lack of proper screening technique.
 High susceptibility to storage pest owing to soft endosperm

22. VITAMINS
Vitamin
A
Retinol, retinal, and four
carotenoids (including
beta carotene).
Carrots, Broccoli, Sweet potato, Kale,
Spinach, Pumpkin
Vitamin
B1
Thiamine Asparagus, Kale, Cauliflower,
Potatoes
Vitamin
B2
Riboflavin Asparagus, Bananas, Okra, and Green
beans.
Vitamin
B3
Niacin, Niacinamide Tomatoes, Leafy vegetables, Broccoli,
Carrots, Sweet potatoes, Asparagus
Vitamin
B5
Pantothenic acid Broccoli
Vitamin
C
Ascorbic acid Tomato
Vitamin
E
Tocopherols,
Tocotrienols
Green leafy vegetables

23. Vitamin-A
• Carrot and pumpkin are a few
vegetables that supply substantial
quality of β carotene which is the
provitamin A .
• The carrot variety, WC 501 is a rich
source of carotene.
• Golden Delicious is a pumpkin
variety rich in carotene 11.5mg/100g.
Kalloo (1993)

24. Vitamin-C
• Ascorbic acid is important attribute
in tomato (L. pimpinellifolium and
L. peruvianum).
• Fast ripening varieties have higher
ascorbic acid content(31mg/100g).
Kalloo (1993)
Vitamin - C
Name of the
crop
variety Normal
content
Highest level
(mg/100g)
Tomato PKM-1
31mg/100g
23.7
CO-3
CO-2

25.  Small and soft fruit have more vitamin-C
 Fast ripening var. have high ascorbic acid
 High locule content have high ascorbic acid
 Most of important fruit quality character have been
governed by non-additive gene action- Heterosis
breeding
Tomato (Vitamin-C)

26. Acidity
• Acidity is yet another important quality parameter in crops.
• Generally pH of <4.5 is required for processing. Minimum
requirement of acidity would not be <0.45%.
• Low pH of 4.5 or below is required for reducing the heating time
and sterilization of the processed commodity in tomato.
Name of the crop Normal acidity Acidity in variety
Tomato (COTH-1)
0.45 %
0.61 %
CO-1 0.69%
CO-3 0.38 %
PKM-1

27. Lycopene
 Lycopene is the quality characteristics which is present in
vegetable such as tomato
• The lycopene content in tomato is 12 to 15%
• Foods that are not red may also contain lycopene, such as
asparagus and parsley
Kalloo (1993)
Lycopene content = 880 - 6500 µg/100gm
But Indian varieties = 390 - 3130 µg/100gm
Carotenoid family

28. Carotene
• Crops such as carrot, muskmelon, tomato
consist of carotene content.
• Carrot has the higher carotene content of
about 1890µg/100g

29. Tomatine
• Tomatine is the quality
character which is
present in tomato of
about 300mg/100g.
Kalloo(1993)

30. • Its synthesized in placenta tissue accumulated
in epidermal cells in the placenta
• Synthesis begin 20 days post anthesis
• 13 enzymes have been described
• But only beta ketoacyl ACP Synthase (KAS)
and Capsaicin Synthase (CS)
Capsaicinoids Capsaicin (0.35mg/g)
Capsanthin (36 percent)

31. Molecule of capsaicin
A- Aromatic ring, B- Amide bond, C- Hydrophobic side chain

32. Biosynthesis of capsaicin
• The condensation of vanillylamine with a short chain
branched fatty acid results in the synthesis of
capsaicinoids.
• The production of vanillylamine is via phenylpropanoid
pathway and the branched chain fatty acid is
synthesized from a branched-chain amino acid.
• The abundance of intermediates as a function of fruit
development.

33. It is the quality character which is present in brinjal
It is about 0.44g/100g
Bitterness and discoloration in fruits is increase with
increasing percentage of total phenols
High total phenols level of 26.13 mg/100g fresh in a
line, HE-12 least susceptible to fruit and shoot borer
It did not impart bitterness in fruits of this genotype
Hazra et al., 2005 indicating higher threshold level of
total phenol associated with bitterness of fruits
Phenols

34. Glycoalkaloids (Solacidine)
 Glycoalkaloids is also the content which is
present in brinjal of about 6mg/100g
 Glycoalkaloid is not associated with
bitterness

35. Sugar and solids
• Sugar content is very important in
salad vegetables like watermelon,
muskmelon, Salad tomato.
• In watermelon, muskmelon and
tomato, T.S.S which is correlated
with sugar and ascorbic acid
content.

36. COLOUR
 Important parameter both for table and processing purposes.
 Red fruits of tomato have mostly lycopene pigment while
carotene imparts yellow colour.
 In normal red fruit the ratio of lycopene to carotene is
generally 12 to 15:1.

37. Wide variation

38.  9 different colours
 Deep green, light green, purple, dark purple, light
purple, pink purple with green stripes or steaks, green
with violet streaks or blush and white
 Although purple and dark purple fruit colour is
mostly preferred by consumers
Brinjal COLOUR

39. Cont.,
In other vegetable crops also colour is an important
trait like,
 Red flesh in watermelon,
 White onion for domestic use, curd in cauliflower,
 attractive green colour in drumstick,
 Iron rich red amaranthus.

40. POST HARVEST SHELF LIFE
 Besides nutritive and processing qualities, certain post
harvest qualities traits are, slow ripening which leads shelf-
life.
 Thick skin facilitating long transport.
 Eventhough little attempts have been made to induce
mutations in certain vegetable crops, there exists scope for
improving quality traits through induced mutagenesis.

41. Four major goals for breeding for improved nutritional quality
Breeding for
• High content & quality of protein,
• High content & quality of oils and minerals
• High vitamin contents, &
• Low toxic substances which are harmful for human
health.

42. SOURCES OF QUALITY TRAITS
• Cultivated variety
• Germplasm line
• Spontaneous or induced mutant
• Soma clonal variant
• Wild relative and
• Transgene

43. BREEDING APPROACHES
• Evaluation of germplasm and selection
• Hybridization
• Interspecific hybridization
• Somaclonal variations
• Mutagenesis
• Genetic engineering
• Ploidy breeding

44. EVALUATION OF GERMPLASM
It consists of screening of germplasm including varieties for
nutritional traits along with good agronomic features.
Wild Relatives
• Wild relatives of a crop includes its primitive forms (from
where they have originated), related weedy species and other
species in the same genus, which are not under cultivation.
• These may serve as potential sources of genes for quality
improvement of cultivated forms.

45. Estimation of Gene Diversity
Percentage of polymorphic loci
Average heterozygosity per locus
Average number of alleles per locus
Nei’s index of gene diversity
Shannon – Weaver information index
Wright’s fixation index

46. Crop Wild relative Traits
Tomato L. hirsutum
L. pimpinellifolium
β carotene
Vit.C, TSS
L. glabratum
L. cheemanii
L. minutum
Carotene
TSS
L. peruvianum Vit.C
Brinjal S. khasianum
S. aviculare
Low solasodine
Capsicum C. annuum var. aviculare Capsiacin

47. Crop Wild relative Traits
Cucumber C. Sativus var xishaungbannansis Carotene
Potato S.microdontum
S.vernei
S.phureja spp. phureja
Calcium
Starch
Carotene
Amaranth Arka Arunima Pure line selection
from IIHR 49
Rich in Ca, Fe,
low antinutional
factors

48. HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization includes crossing between two genetically diverse
genotypes.
In some cases (polygenic nutritional characters) selection can
also be followed after hybridization- Pedigree method of breeding.
Monogenic nutritional characters can be brought into cultivated
types by following back cross method of breeding.
Recurrent selection is followed to increase desirable gene
frequencies and to break undesirable linkages.

49. ACHIEVEMENTS
Crop Varieties Developed by Attributes
Potato K. Chipsona 1
K.Chipsona 2
CP2416xMS78-79
F-6xQBIB92-4
High dry matter,
low sugar
Water melon Mateera
AHW 19
Mateera
AHW 25
Selection from local
race
 TSS
Cow pea Bidhan Barbati 1
Bidhan Barbati 2
Combination involving
3 sub species
 Protein %

50. Crop Varieties Developed by Attributes
Spinach Arka Anupama IIHR10x
IIHR 8
High Vit.A, C,
Carotene & Fe
Musk melon MH4-5 Durgapur Madhu x
Hara Madhu
 TSS
(13-16%)
Water melon RW-177-3
(Durgapur Lal)
Sugar Baby x
K-3566
 TSS
(10-11%)

51. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION
High quality lines derived from such crosses usually
serve as parents in hybridisation program.
 Lycopersicon esculentum x Lycopersicon hirsutum –
high beta carotene
Lycopersicon esculentum x Lycopersicon hirsutum
f.sp. glabratum – high beta carotene

52. SOMACLONAL VARIATION
*Genetic variation present in tissue cultured raised plants
*“Scarlet” variety of sweet potato developed through
soma clonal variation is having high starch content.
*Tomato variety “ DNAP-9”, 20% more soluble solids
(Liu, 2010)

53. MUTAGENESIS
Spontaneous mutation
Induced mutation
Mutants can be serve as source of quality genes
Sweet Potato Mutant “Port Blaco” from Port Rico -
White flesh, High starch

54. TRANSGENES IN VEGETABLES
CROP TRAIT GENE RESPONSIBLE GENE
SOURCES
Tomato ↑ Sucrose,
↓ Starch
Sucrose phosphate
synthase
Maize
Potato ↑ Starch(20-40%) ADP-glucose
pyrophosrylase(ADP-
GPPase)
E.Coli
↑ Starch Starch synthase _
↓ Sugar Invertase inhibitor(inhh) Tobacco
Water melon ↑ TSS ADP-glucose
pyrophosphate
Sweet Potato

55. Engineering for Nutrition
• Grain Amaranthus - A. hypochondriacus contain higher storage grain
protein content.
• This protein contain 2-4 folds more essential amino acids – Methionine,
Lysine, Leucine & Threonine than normal ones
• The gene responsible for this protein AmA1 has been transferred
successfully into Potato
• 88 AmA1 transgenic lines of 9 Indian potato cultivars viz., Kufri Badshah,
Kufri Bahar, Kufri Chipsona-1, Kufri Chipsona-2, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri
Lauvkar, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Sindhuri and Kufri Sutlej were developed at
CPRI, Shimla.

56.  RFLP technique aid in breeding:
 Restriction fragment length polymorphism are molecular markers,
which can be used as indirect selection criteria for traits with low
habitability’s.
 In a population derived from crosses between cultivated and wild
species L. chemielewskii = 4 chromosomal regions were identified
that were associated with the expression of soluble solids.
 Ploidy breeding:
 In potato tetraploid hybrids from 4x x 2x crosses showed higher
specific gravity and better general appearance and also suitable for
chips making

57. Grafting for nutritional improvement
• Grafting is one of the useful tool for improving yield and
nutritional quality
• Flavor, pH, sugar, color, carotenoid content, and texture
can be affected by grafting and the type of rootstock used
• An increase in ascorbic acid content in tomato was
found with grafting
Other way

58. CROPS

59. Solanaceae

60. Tomatine
(300mg/100g)
Ascorbic acid
(31mg/100g)
Lycopene
(12-15 %)
Protein
(1.9g/100g)
Vitamin-C (10-
120 mg/100g)
Acidity
(0.45%)
Starch
(5.3%)
T.S.S.(4.00%)
Tomato - Lycopersicon esculentum - Solanaceae

61. CO.1 (1969)
Pureline selection
Acidity - 0.69%,
Ascorbic acid -17.50 mg per 100 g
Reducing sugars -2.74%

62. CO.3 (1980)
Evolved through induced mutation
by treating the seed of CO.1 tomato
(IM 39) with EMS.
Rich in vitamin C (25 mg/100g),
TSS (3.2ºbrix) and acidity (3.8 per
cent).

63. COTH.1 (1998)
Hybrid developed by crossing IHR
709 X LE.812 and released from the
Horticultural College and Research
Institute, Coimbatore.
Fruits are acidic (0.61%)with a TSS
of 4.43° brix.

64. PKM.1 (1978)
Induced mutant from a local
variety called Annanji
TSS content of fruit is 3.6°brix
and acidity is 0.99% and 23.7
mg vitamin C per 100g of fruit
pulp.

65. Arka Ahuti (Sel-11)
• A pure line selection from IHR 143-3-
7-SB-1(Ottawa 60 from Canada)
• Thick fleshed fruits have light green
shoulder, ripens to dark attractive red,
TSS 5.2%
• Bred for processing- tomato puree.
• Duration 140 days
• Yield 42 t/ha.

66. Brinjal - Solanum melongena - Solanaceae

67. Quality parameters
 Glycoalkaloid content (6mg/100g)
 Phenols (0.44g/100g)
 Vitamin-A (124 IU)
 Ascorbic acid (12mg/100g)
 Protein (1.4g/100g)
 Fruit shape, size, colour, soft flesh, low
proportion of seed

68. Hybrids Parentage
Total Phenols
(g/100g)
Glycoalkaloids
(mg/100g)
Arka Navneet IIHR 21 x Supreme 0.44 -
Pusa Kranti PPL x Hyderpur - 6.25
Brinjal

69. COBH.1 (2001)
F1 hybrid between EP 45 x
CO.2 released from HCRI,
Coimbatore.
Higher ascorbic acid content
(16.65 mg/100 g).

70. MDU.1 (1979)
Selection from Kallampati
local type near Madurai.
Ascorbic acid content of 14.0
mg per 100g, total
carbohydrate content of 4.3%
and TSS of 6.2%.

71. PKM.1 (1984)
Induced mutant of a local
type called 'Puzhuthi kathiri'.
Contain 0.29% acidity and
14mg of ascorbic acid per
100g of pulp

72. 3.1.3.Chilli - Capsicum annuum - Solanaceae

73. CHILLI- Quality
parameters
Capsaicin (0.35mg/g)
Capsanthin (36 percent)
Vitamin-C (111mg/100g)
Vitamin-A (292 IU)
Protein (2.9g/100g)

74. CO.1 (1979) CO.2 (1982)
Reselection from Sattur
Samba [CA (p) 247].
High capsaicin content (0.72
mg/g).
Selection from Nambiyur
local 'Gundu' type of Erode
district of Tamil Nadu [CA (p)
63].
Capsaicin content of dry
pod is 0.56 per cent.

75. CO 3 (1991)
Selection from an open
pollinated type introduced from
Sri Lanka (CA, 856)
High oleoresin (13%) and
capsaicin (0.402 mg/g)

76. CO 4 Vegetable Chilli (2000)
Pureline selection made from an
open pollinated type introduced
from Sri Lanka released from the
Horticultural College and Research
Institute, Coimbatore.
Low pungency (0.29% Capsaicin).

77. PMK 1 (1993)
Hybrid derivative of a cross
Co.2 x Ramanathapuram
gundu (Local) and released
from the Agricultural Research
Station, Paramakudi.
0.36 per cent capsaicin content.

78. Arka Lohit
* Pure line selection from IIHR 324
(local collection)
* Deep red on maturity (Capsanthin
0.205%).
* Fruits highly pungent (Capsaicin
0.708%)
* It yield 36t/ha.

79. Arka Abhir
• A pure line selection from Dyavanur dubba.
• Fruits light green, wrinkled turning deep red on maturity.
• It has better colour (color value maximum 1,65,541 c.u) and low
pungency(0.05% Capsaicin)
• Suitable for oleoresin extraction, oleroesin yield from fruits without
seed 5.78%.
• Duration 160-180 days. Yield 2.0 t/ha.(dry Chilli).

80. Potato : Solanum tuberosum
Solanaceae
Quality parameters :
 Carbohydrates-19g
 Strach -15g
 Fat - 0.1g.
 Protein - 2g
 Thiamin(vit.B1) 0.08g 6%
 Riboflavin (vit B2) 0.03mg 2%
 Niacin-(vit.B3) 1.1mg
 Vitamine - 0.25 mg

81. Central Potato Researh Institue,
Kufri, Shimla, HP

83. KUFRI CHIPSONA - 1
Suitable for cultivation in North Indian
plains.
Yield:300-350 q/ha.
Suitable for making chips and French
fries. Low reducing sugars and
Low phenols.

84. KUFRI CHIPSONA - 2
• Suitable for cultivation in North
Indian plains.
• Yield:30-35 t/ha.
• Suitable for making chips and
French fries.
• High dry matter, Low reducing
sugars and
• Low phenols

85. KUFRI CHIPSONA - 4
 Suitable for cultivation in Karnataka,
West-Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
Medium maturity processing cultivar.
 It Yields 30-35t/ha.
 High dry matter, low reducing sugars
and low phenols.

86. KUFRI HIMSONA
 High dry matter, low
reducing sugars and low
phenols.
 Suitable for cultivation in
Indian hills.
 Yield - 15-20t/ha.
 Suitable for making chips.

87. Malvaceae

88. Quality parameter (FW)
Crude fibre – 1.2g/100g
Vitamin C – 23mg/100g
Vitamin K – 31.3 µg /100g
Fruit free from conspicuous hair
Okra - Abelmoschus esculantus
Malvaceae

89. MDU 1 (1978)
• It is an induced mutant from Pusa Sawani
through gamma rays.
• The plants are dwarf with determinate plant growth
having shorter internodes, each node bears fruits.
• The fruits are long, light green in color with less
crude fibre content (12.3%).

90. Alliaceae

91. BELLARY
WHITE ONION
BELLARY
ROSE ONION
BELLARY
PINK ONION
ONION (Allium cepa) Alliaceae
SMALL
ONION

92. Bellary Onion – Allium cepa var cepa
Quality parameters
1) T.S.S. (12-14%)
2) Vitamin – C (11mg/100g)
3) Uniform shape and size
4) Colour
5)Allyl-propyl disulfide(6%)

93. Onion
Quality characters of hybrids
Hybrids TSS (%)
Arka Kirtiman 10
Arka Lalima 12

94. Bhima Kiran
Bulbs are oval to round in shape, have very
less number of bolters and doubles in rabi (less
than 5%), thin neck,
TSS 12%, good keeping quality suitable for
storage upto 5-6 months.
The average marketable yield potential is
upto 41.5 t/ha during rabi season with national
average yield of 30.3 t/ha.

95. Bhima Shweta
• This white onion variety already
recommended for rabi, is also recommended
for release for kharif in Chattisgarh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.
• TSS is around 11-12degree Brix .
• Average marketable yield
during kharif season is 18 - 20 t/ha and in
rabi is 26-30 t/ha.

96. Arka Sona
• Arka Sona has the yellow bulb
colour, globe shape, big size of bulb
diameter 6.5-7cm, bulb weight
140.0g, low TSS 100 Brix,
• suitable for growing in Rabi season
and suitable for export.

97. Arka Swadista
• It is a white onion variety for
fermented preservation has
uniform white color, bulbs are
oval globe in shape,
• TSS 18-20%, dry matter
content 15-18%,
• suitable for bottle preservation.
• It gives bulb yield 16-18t/ha in
105 days.

98. Arka Vishwas
• Arka Vishwas has the bulb colour
dark red, flat globe shape, bulb
weight 40.0g,
• TSS 16o Brix, bulb yield 30t/ha,
duration 115 days,
• suitable for growing in Rabi season
and suitable for export.

99. SMALL ONION
(Allium cepa var aggregatum)

100. CO.On. 5 (2001)
• It is a high yielding variety developed by mass
pedigree method of selection.
• It possess high bulb yield 18.9 t/ha (18.8 per cent
higher than CO.4) in a crop duration of 90 days.
• It is free flowering type with seed setting ability of
250-300 kg/ha
• It possesses attractive pink coloured bold size
bulbs.
• The pungency principal measured as pyruvic acid
is 2.37 nm/g of fresh weight.

101. Arka Ujjwal
• It is a multiplier onion variety
• Bulb size 4-5cm, number of
bulblets / bulb 3-5, bulb weight
40-45g, TSS 16-18%,
• Dry matter content 14-16%
and bulb yield 20-25t/ha in 85
days.

102. GARLIC: Allium sativum

103. GARLIC – Allium sativum
Quality parameters:
1) Essential oil 0.1 – 0.4%
2) Diallyl disulfide(60%)
3) Diallyl trisulfide(20%)
4)Vitamin C (13.0mg)

104. Yamuna Safed (G-1)
 G-1 has been developed by NHRDF, Nasik; derived through
mass selection from local collection from Delhi (Azadpur
market).
 Bulbs are compact, silvery white skin, creamy fleshy, TSS
38%, dry matter 39.5%, 4.0-4.5 cm diameter, 12-15 cm
size index with 25-30 cloves; cloves are sickle shaped and
0.8-1.0 cm diameter, good storage quality, gives an
average yield of 15.0-17.3 t/ha.

105. Yamuna Safed 2 (G-50)
 G-50 was developed by NHRDF, Nasik; derived through
mass selection from a local collection from Karnal.
 Bulbs are compact, white creamy flesh, 10 bulbs weight
160-240g; TSS 38-40%, dry matter 40-41%, number of
cloves 35-40, 1.75-2.5 cm clove size index; gives an
average yield of 15-20 t/ha.

106. 106
Yamuna Safed 3 (G-282)
 This variety has been developed by NHRDF, Nasik.
 The bulbs are creamy white and big (5-6 cm diameter), 15-16
clover; TSS 38.42% with 39-43% dry matter; suitable for
export. Gives an yield of 20 t/ha.
 This is popular among the farmers of Chattisgarh, AP, Orissa,
HP, Uttaranchal and J&K.

107. Euphorbiaceae

108. TAPIOCA (Manihot esculenta )
Euphorbiaceae

109. Cassava- Manihot esculenta
Quality parameters:
1) Starch content(30-40%)
2) Low HCN content
3) Protein (1-2%)
4) Storability
5) Compact root system

110. NAME OF THE
VARIETY
BREEDING
METHOD
QUALITY
HCN
CONTENT(Μ
G/G)
STARCH (%) CYANOGEN
(PPM)
CO.1 SELECTION FROM A
LOCAL TYPE (ME 7)
10
CO.2 SELECTION (ME 167 10
CO.3 CLONAL
SELECTION
(NIGERIA.)
77.89 35.6
CO.4 CLONAL
SELECTION FROM
CIAT.
38 40
H – 97 PEDIGREE:
HYBRID
(MANJAVELLA X
ACC.NO.300)
27-31 180-200
SREE HARSHA PEDIGREE:
TRIPLOID FROM
THE CROSS [OP-4
(DIPLOID)XH-2304
(TETRAPLOID)].
38-41 40-55

111. NAME OF THE
VARIETY
BREEDING METHOD
QUALITY
STARCH (%)
CYANOGEN
(PPM)
Sree Rekha
Pedigree: Top cross
hybrid-TMS 63198
(selfed)XSree
Visakham.
28-30 49-60
Sree Prabha
Pedigree: Top cross
hybrid-TMS 63198
(selfed)XSree Visakham
26-29
50-85
Sree Athulya
Pedigree:Triploid from
the cross OP-4(2x) X
Sree Visakham (4x).
30.2
80-90
Sree Apoorva
Pedigree: Triploid from
the cross
Ambakkadan(2x) X
Sree Sahya(4x)
29.9
85-93
Sree Padmanabha
Pedigree:Exotic
germplasm(TMS 30001)
25.8 38

112. CO.1 (1977)
Clonal selection from a
local type (ME 7) collected
from Triuchirapalli district.
HCN content of tubers is
very low i.e. 10μg/g in the
flesh and 185μg/g in the
rind.

113. CO.2 (1984)
Clonal selection (ME 167)
from an open pollinated
seedling progenies raised
from the seeds collected from
Thiruvarur District.
Tubers have low HCN
content of 10μg/g.

114. CO.3(1993)
It is a clonal selection from seedling progenies of
open pollinated seeds obtained from IITA, Ibadan,
Nigeria.
The tubers have dark brown skin with yellowish
white rind and white flesh and contain a high starch
of 35.6 percent. The tubers taste sweet with a low
HCN content of 77.89μg/g.

115. CO 4 (2002)
Clonal selection from one of the
seedling progenies of the hybrid
SM1679 (CM 2766-5 x CM 4843)
obtained from CIAT.
Tubers are rich in extractable
starch (40.0%), total sugars (5.60
mg/100g) and with low HCN
content in flesh (38 μg/g).

116. 116

117. Sree Harsha (2-14): (1996)
Pedigree: Triploid from the cross [OP-4 (diploid)xH-2304
(tetraploid)].
Quality attributes:
Total starch (%) : 38-41
Cyanogen (ppm) : 40-55

118. Sree Rekha (TCH – 1): (2000)
Pedigree: Top cross hybrid-TMS 63198 (selfed) X Sree Visakham.
Quality attributes:
Total starch (%) : 28-30
Cyanogen (ppm) : 49-60

119. Sree Prabha (TCH-2): (2000)
Pedigree : Top cross hybrid-TMS 63173-4(selfed) X Sree Visakham
Quality attributes:
Total starch (%) : 26-29
Cyanogen (ppm) : 50-85

120. Sree Athulya (4-2): (2006))
Pedigree: Triploid from the cross OP-4(2x) X Sree Visakham (4x).
Quality attributes:
Dry matter (%) : 48.5
Extractable starch (%) : 30.2
Cyanogen (ppm) : 80-90

121. Sree Apoorva (5-3): (2006)
Pedigree: Triploid from the cross Ambakkadan (2x) X Sree Sahya(4x)
Quality attributes:
Dry matter (%) : 46.8
Extractable starch (%) : 29.9
Cyanogen (ppm) : 85-93

122. Sree Padmanabha (MNga – 1): (2006)
Pedigree: Exotic germplasm - (TMS 3001) from IITA, Nigeria. Introduced
through CIAT, Cali Colombia.
Quality attributes:
Dry matter (%) : 34
Total starch (%) : 25.8
Cyanogen (ppm) : 38

123. Sree Pavithra
• Sree Pavithra is a high yielding at
low levels of potassium (K)
(K efficient) with excellent
cooking quality, good starch
content and low cynogenic
glucoside (bitterness),

124. Sree Visakham
• Sree Visakham is a high yielding
hybrid variety of tapioca with
non branching tall (2- 2.5 m)
plants.
• Carotene content in tubers is
466 IU/100 gm.
• Starch content in fresh tubers 25-
27 %.

125. Convoluvaceae

126. Sweet potato – Ipomea batatus
Convolvulaceae
Quality parameters (F.W)
• Starch (27 %)
• Protein (1.5-2%)
• Sugars (4g/100g)
• Vitamin A (37%)
• Beta Carotene (14,187 IU)

127. Sree Bhadra
• Released from CTCRI
• It is a high yielding variety of sweet
potato.
• It is a short duration clone (90-105 days).
• Semi spreading variety, broad leaves.
• Tuber contains 33% dry matter, starch
20%, total sugar 2.9%, carotene content
972 IU/100g.

128. Sree Rethna
• It is a high yielding variety
of sweet potato.
• It is a short duration (90-105
days), spreading variety.
• Tuber contains 31% dry
matter, 23% starch, 2%
sugar & carotene content
3500 IU/100g.

129. CO 1
Clonal selection (IB 3) from a
type collected from Tiruchirapalli
district.
Tubers contain 10.6% TSS, 1.2%
acidity. 1.6% reducing sugars,
9.7% total sugars and 20 mg per
100g of ascorbic acid.

130. CO 2
Clonal selection (IB 81) of
seedling progeny obtained from
open pollinated seeds of a type
(IB 37) in germplasm bank.
High starch content of 29.5
per cent and carotenoids of
3.2mg per 100g.

131. CO 3
Seedling clone (IB 2837) obtained
from the seeds of random mating
population of IB 758.
Tubers are markedly rich in
carotenoids (13.28 mg/100g) and
starch (30.72 per cent).
Tubers have rich ascorbic acid
(21.1mg/100g) and amylopectin
(81.31 per cent) contents.

132. Cucurbitaceae

133. PUMPKIN- Cucurbita moschata

134. • A pure line selection from (IIHR-105) Rajasthan.
• Thick orange flesh, solid cavity.
• Fruit weight 2-3 kg.
• Rich in carotene (3331 IU of carotene/100g flesh)
• Duration 115-120 days.
• Yield 33 t/ha.
Arka Chandan

135. Bottle gourd- Lagenaria siceraria
Quality Parameters
• Moisture content fruits(77-
95.5%)
• Carbohydrate (3.3 mg/100g)
• Sparse hair on skin
• Non fibrous flesh
• Seeds should be soft smaller

136. Bottle gourd- Lagenaria siceraria
Pusa Hybrid 3
Year of Release 1993 (SVRC, Delhi)
Recommended
Areas
Delhi, Haryana, U.P. and Punjab.
Average Yield 42.5 t/ha (summer), 47 t/ha
(kharif)
Characterstics Fruits green, slightly club shaped
without neck; suitable for easy
packing and long distance
transportation; first picking in
50-55 days.

137.  A pure line selection from a local collection (IIHR-20) from Karnataka.
 Vigorous vines.
 Fruits medium long, straight without crock neck.
 Light green shining fruit skin when tender (1 kg).
 Duration 120 days.
 Yield 40-45 t/ha.
Arka Bahar

138. 138
Bitter Gourd
Quality Parameters
Vitamin C (96 mg/100g)
Momordicoside (500–1800 mg/kg d.w)
Carotene –ß (190µg)

139. MDU 1 (1984)
• It is an induced mutant developed by gamma irradiation to
local cultivar (MC 103).
• Fruits contain less seeds.
COBgOH1 (2001)
• It is a F1 hybrid developed by a crossing MC.84 x MDU.1 with
a crop duration of 115120 days.
• Fruits at vegetable maturity are useful for making fried curies,
porial and stuffed food
• It has high momordicine content (2.99 mg/g).
139

140. SNAKE GOURD- (Trichosanthus anguina )
Quality parameters
Moisture content (95%)
Carbohydrate (3.3 g/100g)
Dietary fibre (0.6g/100g)
Vitamin C (30.5%)

141. PLR(SG) 1 (2007)
• It is a pure line selection from white long
type.
• Excellent cooking quality due to less fibre
and high flesh content
• PLR (SG) 2
• Fruits are plumpy, fleshy with attractive white
colour
• Less fibre content Excellent cooking quality

142. Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus

143. PKM.1 (1993)
 It is a selection from a local type.
 Fruits are bigger in size with
dark green skin and pinkish red
flesh.
 Fruit weight 3-4kg
 Crop duration is 120-135 days.

144. Arka Manik
• Derived through modified backcross method from the
cross IIHR-21 X Crimson Sweets.
• High T.S.S. (12-15%)

145. KAU released varieties

146. Both these hybrids are now re-leased for cultivation in Kerala. The fruits of
triploid hybrids are medium in size as compared to diploid Sugar Baby and were
free from seeds.
 Shonima - Red fleshed triploid hybrid, produced fruits with high TSS
(10.8 °brix) and fruits were characterized by deep red flesh without any seeds
 Swarna - Yellow fleshed seedless hybrid, is the first of its kind developed
in India and hybrids are characterised by attractive bright yellow flesh.

147. Musk melon - Cucumis melo

148. Arka Jeet
• An improvement over a local (IIHR 103) collection from
Lucknow.
• Flesh white,medium texture, excellent flavour with high
TSS(13-16%) and rich in vitamin C (41.6 mg/100 g)
• Duration 90 days.
• Yield 14-15 t/ha.

149. Kashi Madhu
• Flesh salmon orange (mango colour), thick, very juicy,
T.S.S. 13-14% and seeds are loosely packed in the seed
cavity.
• Post harvest life is long with good transportability, medium
maturity and yield 200-270 q/ha.

150. Fruit is round light yellow, sutured and netted.
• Flesh is thick, salmon orange, medium juicy
with 12.4 per cent TSS.
• The fruits develop ‘full slip’ stage.
• Average fruit weight is 856 g.
• Average yield is 218.7 q/ha.
• It has long shelf life and suitable for
distant transportation.
MH-27

151. Quality characters of different parents
Parents TSS (%)
Arka Jeet 15-17
Arka Rajhans 11-14
Pusa Madhuras 12-14
Durgapura Madhu 14
Hara Madhu 12-15

152. Quality characters of hybrids
Hybrids Parentage TSS (%)
Pusa Sharbati Kutana x PMR No.6 11-12
Punjab Sunehri Hara Madhu x Edisto 11
Punjab Hybrid MS-1 x Hara Madhu 12
Edisto

153. Ridge gourd

154. • It is a selection from the type collected from
Aduthurai.
• Fruits are big sized (60-75cm long), thick (30cm),
prominently ribbed,
• It yields 14t/ha.
• A quantity of 100 g edible fruit contains 3.5g
carbohydrates, 0.9g proteins, 0.2g fat, 0.4 g fibre,
42.0mg calcium, 37.0 mg phosphorous, 37.0 mg
potassium, 1.7 mg iron, 4.2 mg sodium, 12.0 mg
sulphur, 5.0 mg ascorbic acid with an organoleptic
scoring of 75 per cent.
CO 1 (1976)

155. Ivy gourd: Coccinia indica

156. LONGMELON
Arka Sheetal (Sel-3)
A pure line selection from a local collection
(IIHR 3-1-1-1-5-1) from Lucknow.
Monoecious plant with angular stem, Dark
green, shallow lobed leaves.
Fruits medium long (length 22cm. and girth
7.8 cm) with light green skin colour
covered with soft hair.
Free from bitter principles with crips
texture.
Seeds light tan colour. Duration 100-110
days. Yield 35 t/ha.

157. Brassicaceae

158. Cauliflower – Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis

159. Pusa Kartik Sankar
 Early maturity (Sep.); curd compact,
retentive white, medium size,
weighing about 475 g
 Yield 14.9 t/ha about 40% higher than
check (Pusa Early Synthetic).
 Maturity 95 days.

160. Pusa Shukti
 Dec.-Jan. Maturity, curd compact white.
 Maturity 75days,
 Av. Yield 440 q/ha.

161. Arka Kanti
– Selection from a local collection
from Hazipur, Bihar.
– An early tropical cauliflower
variety.
– White, compact curds.
– Duration 60 days. Yield 22-25 t/ha.

162. Knol khol: Brassica caularapa
Family : Cruciferae
Quality parameters
• Water content 91.7%
• Dietary fiber 2.2g/100g
• Protein (15-21%)
• Ascorbic acid (164mg/100g)

163. • Pusa Virat
Sl
No.
Variety
Name
Year of
Release
States for which
Released
Characterstics
1 Pusa Virat 2008 Himachal Pradesh Yield : 19.2 t/ha
Knobs are large (800-900 gm, 13-14 cm
diameter), round, knobs are non pithy
and without fibre even after maturity.
2 White
Vienna
Suitable for
temperate and sub-
tropical regions of
north India
Yield : 20-24 t/ha
Knobs are light in colour; roundish,
medium sized. Flesh is white with
pleasant fragrance. Maturity 50-60 days
after planting.

164. Quality parameters
• Early rooting
• High root yield
• Non branching roots
• Non pitting
• Long and stump
Radish – Raphanus sativus

165. Pusa Chetki
Year of Release 1988 (CVRC)
Recommended Areas Throughout India
Average Yield 25 t/ha
Characterstics Roots pure white, smooth, soft in texture, less pungent
in summer sowings, thick and stumpy; leaves entire,
slightly lobed, dark green and upright. Maturity in 40-50
days
Pusa Mridula
Year of Release 2005 (SVRC, Delhi)
Recommended Areas Throughout India
Average Yield 13.5 t/ha
Characterstics Roots globular in shape, bright red in colour, size (2.9 x
4.1 cm), white flesh with soft texture and mild pungent
taste. Leaves dark green and tender. Maturity in 20-25
days after sowing.

166. Pusa Gulabi
Year of Release 2013
Recommended Areas National Capital Region
Average Yield 600.0 tonnes/ha.
Characterstics First entire pink fleshed unique trait nutritional rich
radish variety. Medium root size, cylindrical shape,
optimal yield and consumer preference over the existing
varieties. High total carotenoids, anthocyanins and
optimal ascorbic acid.
Pusa Jamuni
Year of Release 2013
Recommended
Areas
National Capital Region
Average Yield 500.0 tonnes/ha.
Characterstics First purple fleshed unique trait nutritionally
rich radish variety. Distinct advantage in root
size, shape, yield and consumer preference over
the existing varieties. Higher anthocyanins and
ascorbic acid.

167. • This variety is suitable for growing in October.
• Roots become marketable 47 after sowing. Roots are
34.1 cm long, white, smooth, crisp, semi-stumped
and remain non-pithy till 65 days of sowing.
• Leaves are dark green, erect with deeply cut lamina.
• Average yield is 620 q/ha.
RB-21

168. CO 1 (1981)
• It is a selection from germplasm type .
• It yields 20-25 t/ha. The roots are milky white, long (22 cm) thick
12.5 cm girth) and each weighs 220 g.
• The roots contain 10.9 mg of vitamin C per 100g and 1.20%
crude fibre.
• Roots have better consumers' preference..

169. Apiacae

170. Carrot – Daucus carota

171. Carrot
Hybrids
Carotene
(mg/100g)
Pusa Kesar 38
Pusa kesar

172. Ooty 1 (1997)
 Released from HRS, Ooty. This
is a selection from half-sib
progeny of a local type (D.C.3).
 Roots are rich in Beta-carotene
(1890µg/100g).
 The central core is thin, fleshy
and palatable

173. Pusa Nayanjyoti
First orange coloured temperate carrot
hybrid developed by a public sector
institution in India.
Roots are orange, uniform, attractive,
smooth, cylindrical and stumpy with
small indistinct self-coloured core.
It possesses a higher β-carotene
content (7.55 mg/100 g of fresh
weight).

174. Pusa Asita
First tropical black carrot variety released
in India
Rich source of anthocyanins (520
mg/100 g), Zn (8.45 μg/g), Fe (260.60
μg/g) and Ca (368.67 μg/g).
It is characterized by small purplish
green foliage and long black coloured
self core roots.

175. Arka Suraj
Deep orange roots with self colour core.
Smooth root surface and conical shape
Root length 15-18 cm, root diameter 3-4 cm
TSS 8-10 % and Carotene content 11.27 mg %
Tolerant to powdery mildew and nematode
.Flowers and sets seeds under tropical condition.
Yield potential of 15 t/ha

176. Pusa Rudhira (2009)
Released for NCR, Delhi by the
Delhi State Seed Sub-Committee.
Total carotenoids were found to
be 4887 μg/100 g
β-carotene was found to be
maximum (994 μg/100 g)
Lycopene content was also
found to be the highest in IPC 13
(3030 μg/100 g)

177. Leguminaceae

178. French bean- Phaseolus vulgaris;
Leguminaceae
Quality parameters
• Ascorbic acid (11mg/100g)
• Vitamin – A (221 IU)
• Attractive green pods
• More seeds per pod
• High protein content

179. Ooty.1 (1999)
Pure line selection from
Accession PV-26 maintained at
Horticultural Research Station,
Ooty
Less fibre and high protein
content (17.15%)

180.  Ooty (FB) 2 is a single line selection from PV
15-1.
 It is dwarf and dense plant, bears round, fleshy
fiberless, pale green pods.
 It contains high protein (22.38 per cent),
calcium (1.22 per cent) and magnesium (0.34
per cent) and highly suitable for cooking
 It has recorded a yield of 14.30 t/ha of green
fruits.
Ooty (FB) 2

181. Peas - Pisum sativum
Leguminaceae
Quality Parameters (FW)
• Protein(15%)
• Fibre (5g/100g)
• Sugars (6g/100g)
• Vitamin C (60%)

182.  It is a pureline selection (PS-33-1) among
40 germplasm types maintained at
Horticultural Research Station, Ooty.
Good cooking quality.
The crop yields 11.1 t/ha under rainfed
conditions and 12.9 t/ha under irrigation.
The seeds contain high protein (19.94%),
ascorbic acid (18.2 mg/100 g) and total
sugars (2.8 mg/g
Ooty 1 (2000)

183. Amaranthaceae

184. Arka Samraksha
It is a high yielding amaranth variety, with high antioxidant activity of
499mg (AEAC units)
Minimum nitrate content of 27.3 mg and 1.34g of oxalates per 100g
fresh weight of leaves.
It is a pulling type amaranth variety with green leaves and stem,
Yields 10.9t/ha in 30-35 days duration.
Green leaf vegetables - Amaranthus

185. Arka Varna
 It is a high yielding amaranth variety, with high antioxidant activity
of 417mg (AEAC units),
 Nitrate content of 37.6mg and 1.42g of oxalates per 100g fresh
weight of leaves.
 It is a pulling type amaranth variety with green leaves and pink
stem,
 Yields 10.6 t/ha in 30-35 days duration.

186. It is a selection from a germplasm type of Thanjavur, A.
tricolor L.(syn. A. gangeticus), with a duration of 25 days for
mulaikeerai and 35-50 days for thandukeeari.
 It yields 10.75 tonnes/ha of greens.
The crude fibre content is less (1.3%) with 19.0 mg of iron and
20.0 mg of calcium per 100g.
CO 2 (1979)

187. *It is a selection from the local type and yields
30.72 tonnes of greens per hectare.
*It is a clipping type (A. tristis ).
* It is called Arakkeerai or Killukeerai in
Tamil.
*The leaf to stem ratio is high .
*The plants are erect with green nutritious
leaves containing 25.2 mg per 100g of vitamin
C, 1.74% crude fibre, 0.8% iron and 2.48%
Ca.
CO 3 (1988)

188. *It is a green cum grain type from
A. hypochondriacus L., which is suitable
for growing in plains and hills throughout
Tamil Nadu.
*The seeds are rich in protein (15.95%)
and essential amino acids like lysine
(7.5 mg/100g), phenyl alanine (5
mg/100g), leucine (1.2 mg/100g) and
isoleucine (1.8 mg/100g).
CO 4 Grain type(1989)

189. It is a single plant selection from germplasm
(A 166-1) with a duration of 50 days. It is
released from the Horticultural College and
Research Institute, Coimbatore.
This variety has a leaf yield of 40 t/ha, which
is 47% more over CO.1, and 300% more over
CO.2.
The plants are medium in height with high
biomass and nutritive value.
The crop can be harvested at 30 days for
mulaikeerai (10 t/ha) and at 50 days for
thandukeerai (30 t/h).
C0 5 Amaranthus (1998)

190. FUTURE THRUST
 Strengthening of germplasm collection in the context of
globalization and documentation for various quality components.
 Creation of separate plant introduction division to collect,
evaluate and cryo preserve the genotypes.
 Establishment of a gene sanctuary in identified centres.
 Development of F₁ hybrids and induced mutants with higher
quality attributes and lesser anti-nutrient characters for fresh
consumption and for processing industries.
 Exploitation of molecular biology and cellular genetics for
development of transgeneics with high nutritional traits.

191.  Evolving high qulaity varieties and hybrids suited for
protected cultivation.
 Strengthening seed production programme in
vegetable crop varieties developed for quality trait.
 Data base development and networking various
qualitative breeding centre for exchange a online
information.
Cont... FUTURE THRUST

192. CONCLUSION
 Vegetable are vital source of nutrition.
 Study of genetic behaviours, help the breeder in formulating effective
breeding plan for its improvement.
 Identifying promising genotype with stable performance for quality
characters.
 Breeder engaged in improvement need the appropriate breeding
procedure for its improvement of quality traits.
 Area under antioxidant research is vast and scientist around the world are
exploring new facts and figures about vegetables and their processed
products.
 Study of biochemical attributes is essential for processing of vegetables.

193. References
 Bose, T.K., Som and Kabir. Vegetable Crops. Naya Prokash 206, Bidhan
Sarani, Culcuta, India. p.957.
 Kalloo, G., Singh. M and Kumar, S.2003. Vegetable Hybrids. IIVR
Varanasi. p.61.
 Kalloo, G. 1993. Vegetable Breeding Vol.1. CRC Press, Inc. New Delhi.
p.239.
 Kalloo, G. 1993. Vegetable Breeding Vol.111. CRC Press, Inc. New
Delhi. p.175.
 Rai, N and Rai.2006. Heterosis Breeding In Vegetable Crops. New India
Publishing Agency. New Delhi. p. 530.

194. •THANK YOU