Elaborate the Pak Army general Ayub Khan's era. Email :abubakr.cheema.0000@gmail.com OR WhatsApp me for file +923417229818

1. 1958-69
P R E S E N T E D B Y : Abubakr Cheema
 Field Marshal of Pakistan Army
 First Military Dictator
 Second President of Pakistan

3. Genral Ayub Khan
Pakistan’s First Chief Marshall Law Administrator

4. Ayub khan(Leaders are not made they are born as a leader)

5. 1958-69
P R E S E N T E D B Y : Abubakr Cheema
 Field Marshal of Pakistan Army
 First Military Dictator
 Second President of Pakistan

6. 1/5/2021
• Early life
• Education
• Appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1951.
• Became a powerful political figure
• the government of Iskander Mirza was unpopular and the
political situation was chaotic.
• People were in despair
• 7 October 1958, martial law was declared by President
Iskander Mirza.
Introduction
Military Career
Martial Law

7. 
 Oct 7,1958: Martial law enforced
by President Iskandar Mirza.
 Gen. Muhammad Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law
Administrator.
 Oct 27,1958: Mirza was ousted by Ayub in a bloodless
coup, after Mirza tried to undercut Ayub's authority by
coopting military officers.
1958

8. 
 Oct 27,1959: Ayub introduced “Basic Democracies”.
 A pyramidal plan allowing people to directly elect local councilmen they
knew.
 80,000 Basic Democrats were elected.
 Ayub used those democrats for referendum held in Feb 14,1960.
 Winning 95.6% of the vote, he used the confirmation as impetus to
formalise his new system.

9.  As a result of the referendum, Ayub
became the president for next 5
years & replaced his military
government into civilian
constitutional government.
 Ayub promulgated the Constitution
of 1962 on Mar 1.
 The capitol infrastructure had been
moved to newly planned state capital,
Islamabad, after all capital work
development was relocated from
Karachi.

10. Constitution Of 1962
Background
 On 17 February 1960 Ayub Khan appointed a commission to report on the future political
framework for the country
 The Commission was headed by the former Chief Justice of Pakistan, Muhammad Shahabuddin,
and had ten other members, five each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan, composed of
retired judges, lawyers, industrialists and landlords.
 The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to President Ayub on 6 May 1961 and
thoroughly examined by the President and his Cabinet. In January 1962, the Cabinet finally
approved the text of the new constitution.
 It was promulgated by President Ayub on 1 March 1962 and finally came into effect on 8
June 1962. The Constitution contained 250 articles divided into twelve parts and three
schedules.

11. Written
Constitution
Rigid Constitution
Name of the
Country
National Language
Islamic Provisions
Unicameral
Legislature
Presidential Form
of Govt
Freedom of
Judiciary
Fundamental
Rights
Islamic Ideology
Council
Emergency
Provisions
Powers of
President
Silent Feature
Of
Constitution

12. 
 4 Candiates: Fatima Ali Jinnah, Ayub Khan, 2 more members with no
party affiliation.
 Ayub won with 64% of the vote in a bitterly contested election, again
becoming the President.
 The election did not conform to international standards per many
journalists of the time and some accused Ayub of rigging.

13. ELECTIONS 1965
Background
 Presidential elections were held in Pakistan on 2 January
1965. The vote was held amongst the 80,000 "basic
democrats", who were members of the urban and regional
councils.
 Elections for the Presidency were to take place in
January 1965. Ayub Khan was nominated by a new
party, the Convention Muslim League, which he had
helped form.
 The five opposition
parties all agreed
to support
Mohtarma Fatima
Jinnah.

14.  It is believed that had the elections been held via the
direct method, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The
Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic
Democrats, who were easily manipulated. The
importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman
was contesting the highest political office of the
country. The orthodox religious political parties,
including the Jamaat-e-Islami led by Maulana Maududi,
which had repeatedly declared that a woman could not
hold the highest office of a Muslim country.
 There were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20
people were killed.
Results

16.  Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar was designed to infiltrate
forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an
insurgency against Indian rule.
 India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on
West Pakistan. Made Lahore offensive on Sep 6 at 3AM,
offensive launched on Sialkot.
 The 17-day war caused thousands of casualties on both
sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since
World War II.
- Neutral.
- Suspended aid to both.
- Supported Pakistan.
- Declared ceasefire, implemented on Sep 23

17. Address of Ayub Khan
Before 1965 War
"My dear countrymen, in this
hour of trial you have to remain
absolutely calm. You must know
that each one of you has to
perform a supreme duty which
demands complete dedication
and devotion… Be prepared to
strike and to strike hard; for
the evil which has raised its
head against your borders is
doomed to destruction. Go
forward and meet the enemy.
God is with you..."

18. 
 Jan 10, 1966: The Tashkent Declaration was a peace
agreement signed to resolve the Indo-Pak War of 65.
 Peace had been achieved on 23 Sep by the intervention of the
great powers who pushed the two nations to cease fire, afraid
the conflict could escalate and draw in other powers.
 Economic development and hiring for government jobs favoured
West Pakistan, eventually giving rise to Bengali Nationalism.
 Feb 12,1966: S. Mujib-ur-Rehman of Awami League presented
6-points to demand provisional autonomy for East Pakistan
(forcefully rejected by Bhutto).
1966

19. 
 Under pressure from PPP, public resentment, and
anger against his administration mainly from East
Pakistan, Ayub resigned from the presidency in poor
health.
 Mar 25: Ayub handed over powers to General Yahya
Khan.
 Martial law was enforced again, suspending the
1962 constitution.
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto appeared as Chairman of PPP.
1969

20. 
 Model of capitalism and followed free-market economics
principles, period of Industrialization.
 Private sector was encouraged to establish medium and small-
scale industries in Pakistan
 Generated employment and economic growth
 New curriculum and books for schools; construction of new
schools and colleges
 Agricultural reforms: Land reform, new agricultural equipment,
consolidation of personal and family land-holdings, and stern
measures against commodity-hoarding (such as wheat and
sugar) were combined with rural credit programs for the welfare
of the people in Pakistan.
 These reforms led to 15% GNP growth of the country that was
three times greater than that of India, and 7% GDP growth
greater among the entire subcontinent.
Economic Policies &
The Great Decade

21. 
 Sept 1960: Indus Water Treaty was signed between to
resolve disputes regarding the sharing of the waters of the
six rivers in the Punjab Doab that flow between India &
Pakistan.
 Modernisation of Pakistan Army with support of the US.
 Establishment of Pakistan's National Space Agency, the
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
(SUPARCO) directed by Abdus Salam; continuation of
nuclear power program
 Cultural shift: the pop music industry, film industry and
drama pictures gained public attention and nationwide
popularity.
Economic Policies &
The Great Decade

22.  Ayub Khan allied Pakistan with the global
U.S. military alliance against the Soviet
Union developing strong economic,
political and strategic ties with the United
States.
 Secret intelligence base at Peshawar Air
Station leased to CIA.
 Appointed left-wing intellectual Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto as the Foreign Minister, but soon
forced him to resign when he excessively
criticized the United States.
 Bhutto established close political and
military ties with socialist China.
Foreign Policy

23. DEMERITS OF AYUB REGIME
In spite of success in industrial diversification and export performance,
Ayub Khan’s policies had several shortcomings.
 High rates of effective protection continued to make Pakistani
industry inefficient, and a number of international studies
documented Pakistan as a worst example of industrialization.
 Unlike other countrie0s, Pakistani use of tariffs and quotas was not
carefully planned.
 The paradox of industrialization was, the regime resulted in a
progressive worsening in the balance of payment account with the
increase in the imports of machinery and other industrial raw
materials.

24. DEMERITS OF AYUB REGIME
 The 1960's also marked Pakistan’s increase reliance on
foreign aid.
 While the external economic assistance as a percentage of
GDP was a modest 2.8% in 1960's, it became substantial
within the next five years reaching to 6.6% in 1965.
 Another negative feature of Ayub's industrial and trade
policies were the deliberate repression of wages.
 It was felt that the low wages for industrial workers and the
restriction of trade union activity would help industry
acquire the critical mass needed for industrial takeoff.

25. Final year in office
 opened up negotiations
 increasing pressure from Bhutto and Bhashani
 handed over control of Pakistan by Yahya khan
Death 19 April 1974
BhuttoBhashani

26. Criticism against ayub khan
 Government corruption and nepotism
 Criticisms of his sons and family's personal wealth
 Presidential elections against Fatima Jinnah
 Gohar Ayub's corruption
 Increasing price of sugar
Conclusion
 man of great determination but lacking the quality of
‘listening to others.
 He always did what he thought better in the light of his
own experience.
 His regime can be characterized with some
developments but he couldn’t maintain the national
harmony among the distant provinces of Pakistan

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