Aquafer

1. UNIVERSITY OF MIANWALI
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

2. AQUIFER
PRESENTED BY
MUHAMMAD ABUBAKAR HABIB
BCHF17MM028
BS CHEMISTRY
8th SEMESTER ( REGULAR)

3. Ground water
The water that lies beneath the ground surface, filling
the pore space between grains in bodies of sediment
and clastic sedimentary rock, and filling cracks and
crevices in all types of rock.

5. The Water table
water table: the upper surface of the zone of saturation and pore
water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure.
saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are
filled with water.
vadose zone: a subsurface zone in which rock openings are
generally unsaturated and filled partly with air and partly with
water; above the saturated zone.
capillary fringe: a transition zone with higher moisture content at
the base of the vadose zone just above the water table

8. AQUIFER
An aquifer is an underground layer of water bearing
permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or
silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water
well.
The study of water flow in aquifers and the
characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology.

10. classification
Saturated versus unsaturated
aquifers versus aquitards
confined versus unconfined
isotropic versus anisotropic
porous, karst, or fractured
 transboundary aquifer

11. confined vs unconfined aquifer

12. Saturated aquifer

13. challenges
Subsidence
 saltwater intrusion
 salination
 groundwater pollution

14. Depth
Its depth varies from near-surface to deeper than
9,000 meters (30,000 ft).

15. Human dependence on groundwater
Agricultural usage
Drinking purposes
Well fields
Food price raises due to depletion

16. Properties of aquifer
Porosity

17. Porosity of Sedimentary Rocks
Primary porosity
Pores between grains
Secondary porosity
Fractures

18. Specific Yield (Sy)

19. Pumping in confined aquifer