The document provides an overview of cardiac anatomy and physiology, focusing on cardiac valves and the cardiac cycle. It describes the four chambers of the heart, the two types of cardiac valves (atrioventricular and semilunar), and the histology of the cardiac valves. The aortic valve and its role in controlling blood flow from the left ventricle is discussed. The cardiac cycle is summarized as the repeating sequence of heart contraction and relaxation that pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

1. Recognize the anatomy and the
histology of the cardiac valves.
Confer the physiological aspects
of cardiac cycle.
By:

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Anatomy of the heart
• Cardiac valves
• Histology of cardiac valves
• The aortic valve
• Cardiac cycle
• Summary
• References

3. Introduction
The human heart consists of 4 chambers
there are two types of chambers: the atrium and the
ventricle
there are two of each type in the heart
The heart is the most important muscle in the body.
The heart is really a pump or two pumps in one. The
right side receives blood from the body and pumps it to
the lungs. The left side does the opposite: it receives
blood from the lungs and pumps it around the body.

5. Cardia valves
• The human heart contains valves which prevent blood
from flowing back into the heart chambers after it has
contracted
1. Atrioventricular valves are found between the atrium
and ventricle of each side of the heart
2. Semilunar valves are found in the arteries leaving the
heart to prevent blood from flowing back into the
ventricles

6. Histology of cardiac valves
• Specialized histological features of the Heart Valves include
the fact that they are primarily composed of a tough,
specialized Tunica Intima.
• Tunica Intima
• Heart Valves are essentially generated from the double-sided
fusion of the Tunica Intima emanating from the cardiac wall.
The endothelium is continuous with that of the cardiac wall
while the normally delicate collagenous layer which invests
the endothelium toughens and becomes highly fibrous as it
transitions into the heart valve. Consequently, heart valves are
highly thin yet extremely robust, allowing for hundreds of
millions of open-close events during the course of a lifetime.

8. The aortic valve
• Is a semilunar valve which controls the blood leaving the heart
• Controls blood flow between the left atrium and the aorta

10. Cardiac cycle
• The cardiac cycle describes pressure, volume and flow
phenomena in the ventricles as a function of time.
• Similar for both LV and RV except for the timing, levels of
pressure.
• Beginning at the left side of your heart, fresh, clean oxygen-
rich blood is pumped around our bodies. The cells throughout
our bodies take the oxygen from the blood and use it as fuel
to work and grow.

12. Summary
• The heart is located in the thoracic cavity
• The heart has: 3 layers, 4 chambers, 4 valves
• The heart pumps oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the
organs, tissues and cells of the body, and eliminates waste
products.
• The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events that occurs when
the heart beats. As the heart beats, it circulates blood through
pulmonary and systemic circuits of the body. There are two
phases of the cardiac cycle. In the diastole phase, the heart
ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood. In the
systole phase, the ventricles contract and pump blood out of
the heart and to arteries. One cardiac cycle is completed when
the heart chambers fill with blood and blood is then pumped
out of the heart.

13. References
1. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology,24th Edition.
2. Guyton and Hall,Textbook of Medical Physiology.
3. "19.3 Cardiac Cycle | Anatomy & Physiology".
ibrary.open.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
4. Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology. pp. 787–
846. ISBN 1-938168-13-5. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
5. "Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body – 6. Surface Markings of the
Thorax". Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 20
November 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
6. mpanozi, Garyfalia; Krinke, Eileen; Laberke, Patrick; Schweitzer,
Wolf; Thali, Michael J.; Ebert, Lars C. (7 May 2018). "Comparing
fist size to heart size is not a viable technique to assess
cardiomegaly". Cardiovascular Pathology. 36: 1–5.
7. University of Minnesota. "Papillary Muscles". Atlas of Human
Cardiac Anatomy. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.
Retrieved 7 March 2016.

14. Thank You