2. Animal breeding is the process of selective mating of animals with desirable genetic
traits, to maintain or enhance these traits in future generations.
3. WHAT IS MASS BREEDING?
A number of individuals chosen on the basis of various characteristics
are forcefully mated on a large scale; their progeny are further
selected for the preferred characteristics, and the process is continued
for as many generations as is desired.
These characteristics are generally economically or aesthetically
desirable to humans, rather than useful to the organism in its natural
environment.
4. w a DEMERITS OF MASS BREEDING might
cause
• It brings about discomfort to animal
Breeders who are wanting to formulate particular animal
traits might accidentally reproduce characteristics that are
damaging to animal health. For instance, cows are only able
to produce large amounts of milk if they have large udders.
So, we can just think that such a product of selective
breeding may find it its udders heavy, causing it discomfort.
5. • It can lead to loss of species variety.
As organisms start to become similar genetically, they also start to experience a depression
in gene diversity, which can lead to a rise in negative mutations. In this way, a genetic
depression is created and it causes a massive loss of variety.
• There may be evolutionary changes that harm the planet.
Animals evolve over time to match the changing conditions of our planet. By artificially
breeding them for selected traits, we are altering that path. Over time, these changes could
result in a species being threated because they lack the ability to adapt to the new
environmental conditions that are beginning to appear.
6. • There is no guarantee that the desired traits will pass to the offspring.
It is possible for two solid-colored coat horses to produce
a foal that is spotted with pinto patterning. Two pinto horses
can produce a foal with a solid-colored coat. It is possible for
selective breeding to be ineffective for a generation and that
can cause the desired traits to be inaccessible for future
generations.
8. Many standardized breeds in horses and dogs are the result of crossing
animals of different breeds (landraces or standardized breeds) in
combination with a strong selection among the crossbred animals for
characteristics of the breeding standard. Thus, consequent selection for
specific characteristics has led to the existence of a wide variety of breeds
within the domesticated species. Breeds differ in characteristics and for
specific production goals, combining characteristics of different breeds
might be required. For that reason sometimes breeds are crossed.
Also, crossbreds combine characteristics that cannot easily be improved
simultaneously in a single breed.
9. E.g. in tropical countries a local cattle breed with a
high tick resistance is crossed with an exotic breed
with a high production to obtain animals with a
moderate production resistant to ticks
Also, the cross of sows of a pig breed with a high
litter size with a boar of a breed that gives a fast
growth up to the slaughter weight.
10. DEMERITS OF CROSSBREEDING
• Difficult to Predict Temperaments
Pure breeds have been developed for different purposes, and their temperaments match those
purposes closely. For example, Rottweilers tend to have
bold and sometimes aggressive temperaments because
they have been bred to be working guard dogs. Poodles
were bred to hunt and be wonderful family companions.
It would be difficult to predict the exact type of personality
a cross-breeding between these two dogs might produce.
11. • Still a Strong Chance for Congenital Health Issues
Many congenital health issues, such as hip dysplasia, eye diseases, epilepsy and kidney disease,
are found across multiple breeds. This means these conditions are still likely to show up in
crossbred offspring if both parents are carriers of one or more of the same genetic problems.
• Potential for High Risk Deliveries
From a pregnancy perspective, breeding dogs of different sizes can sometimes lead to
difficult deliveries. This is especially so if the stud is much larger than the bitch, or he comes
from a large-headed breed. A bitch of a different breed may have more difficulty pushing the
puppies out, and she may require a C-section in order for her and her mixed breed puppies to
survive.
12. • May Be More Expensive Than a Purebred
With all the interest in “designer dogs,” some mixed
breed dogs go for $1,000 or more. The average
purebred puppy often costs between $300 to $500
unless it’s an extremely popular or rare breed.
• SHORT LIFESPAN
Due to the congenital health issues and the diseases that they inherit from their parents,
the life expectancy of few offspring is reduced.
13. CHICK CULLING
Chick culling or unwanted chick killing is the process of separating and killing unwanted (male
and unhealthy female) chicks for which the intensive animal farming industry has no use.
14. Worldwide, around 7 billion male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry. Because male
chickens do not lay eggs or grow large enough to become broilers and only those in breeding
programmes are required to fertilise eggs, they are considered redundant to the egg-laying
industry and are usually killed shortly after being sexed, which occurs just days after they are
conceived or after they hatch.
Several methods are used to cull chicks:
• Maceration (also called 'grinding', 'shredding' or
'mincing‘); the chicks are placed into a large
high-speed grinder.
15. • Asphyxiation (also called 'gassing' or 'controlled
atmosphere killing'); carbon dioxide is used to
induce unconsciousness and then death.
• Cervical dislocation; the neck is broken.
• Electrocution; an electric current is passed
through the chick's body until it is dead.
• Suffocation; the chicks are placed in plastic bags.
16. Permitted methods in the EU
"Use of a mechanical apparatus causing rapid death" (essentially grinding)
"Exposure to carbon dioxide" (essentially gassing)
Recommended methods in the US
'Unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method, such as use of a
commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death. Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in
bags or containers is not acceptable. Pips, unwanted chicks, or poults should be killed prior to disposal.
Because of animal welfare concerns, there is societal opposition to chick culling. In the 2010s, scientists
developed technologies to determine the sexes of chicks when they are still in their eggs (in-ovo sexing). As
soon as these methods were available on a commercial scale, Germany and France jointly became the first
countries in the world to prohibit all chick killing from 1 January 2022, and called on other EU member
states to do the same
17. REGULATIONS RELATED TO DOG
BREEDING IN INDIA
For Female Dogs
• Only normal healthy mature female dogs that have reached 18 months shall only be
bred. They shall be certified as healthy by a licensed veterinary at least 10 days prior
to breeding.
• No female dog shall be forced to produce puppies in 2 consecutive breeding seasons.
Only once in a year.
• Female dogs should not be forced to produce more than 5 times during her lifetime.
18. For Male Dogs
• Male dogs should be healthy, mature and only after he has reached his 18th
month. Must be certified by a licensed veterinary at least 10 days prior to
breeding.
Breeders use four breeding techniques in which rule only allows two out of four
techniques:
Out Breeding and Line Breeding are only allowed in India. Out breeding is the
mating of dogs which are not at all related to each other. Line breeding is mating
between dogs that are marginally related to each other. In this case, dogs are chosen
for their special attributes to obtain certain types.
19. WHY MASS BREEDING SHOULD BE ILLEGAL?
The science behind selective breeding allows living
organisms to be bred selectively, so their best
features and characteristics can be sent along to the
next generations. However, in order to do this, the
life of those innocent animals is suffered at each and
every stage. They are caged, forcefully mated,
abused, separated from their parents at a very young
age, and even killed. Although the productivity is
increased, but at what cost? Snatching the life of
these innocent animals for self purposes should not
be done on any grounds.
