English II

1. Oral Communication
Oral communication is that type of interaction in which a message is
transmitted between two or more people using natural language as
code and voice as carrier. Orality involves the production and
transmission of messages through speech organs: lips, teeth, alveolar
region, palate, veil, uvula, glottis and tongue.
In general, the physical medium by which the message is transmitted is
traditionally the air. However,with the advancement of technology,
oral communication can occur through other physical means. Among
others, this type of communication can be carried out through the
telephone, interactive chats and videoconferences.
Characteristic
s
Vices
Breathing Kind Exercises
The
intonation
Diction
Aarón Durán
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2. Natural capacity
In oral communication, the production of messages requires the
intervention of the lungs and vocal cords for the emission of
sounds.
Similarly, the articulators (tongue, teeth,among others), other
cavities and muscles participate to perform the modulation. On
the otherhand, hearing organs are needed for reception
Bidirectionality
All oral communication needs at least one transmitter
(or encoder) and one receiver (or decoder). Generally, in
the process both intersperse roles taking turns to occupy
these positions. This differentiates it from other forms
that are clearly unidirectional.
Fleeting character
In oral communication, both sender and receiver need to occupy
the same temporary position at the time of the communicative
act.
In the past, they also needed to occupy the same physical space.
However, advances in communications offer the possibility of
contacting people separated by thousands of kilometers
Informal context
Due to the fleeting nature of their character, in most cases,
conversations cannot be verified as long as they do not leave
records.
That is why they are associated with rather informal contexts.
Therefore, among other implications, oral communication is
not used very often in formal circumstances as in legal fields.
Performance errors
As it has an informal character, it is common for oral
communication to present errors. Among them, you can mention
the common places, the muffins and the unfinished phrases.
Similarly, errors in concordance, unnecessary use of
augmentative or diminutive and linguistic inconsistencies are
frequent.
Possibilityofdoubt and rectification
Thanksto its temporality,oral communicationsallowrapid
exchange betweenthe encoderandthe decoder.Likewise,it
allowsquickrectificationsinthe messageandadditional
explanationstoensure correctunderstanding.
DiversityReflection
There isno single wayof speaking,evenamongthose who
handle the same language.The originandculture of those
involvedinadialogue canbe revealedinthe process.
In thisway,oral communicationcanreflectsocial,linguisticand
evengeographicdiversity.The use of idioms,the style and
accentsof bothendsof the conversationofferthispossibility.
Body and proxemicsupport
Bodyposture,proximitybetweenthe interlocutors,gestures
and eventhe wayof lookingcan,undercertainconditions,
accompanythe oral transmissionof amessage.
Thissupportcan facilitate yourunderstanding.Even,
sometimesitcandemonstrate the true intentionsof the
issuer.
Characteristic

3. Idioms:
Idioms are ways of speaking a language. They are everyday phrases or
prayers that are regional.
Archaisms:
Archaisms are words that are already discontinued in the
dictionary
Monotony and poverty:
It is the repetition of words due to lack of vocabulary.
Neologisms:
Neologisms are recent words that are not included in
the dictionary and are the product of language
evolution.
Grammar vices:
Grammatical vices result from the bad location of punctuation
marks.
Vulgarisms:
It is when words are changed and they are errors of
the poorly educated people.
Solecism:
It is the vice that results from a bad syntactic construction or
from inappropriate behavior
Muletillas:
These are words that some people use to support
themselves when they are speaking or due to lack of
vocabulary.
Pleonasm:
It is the unnecessary and excessive use of words in an expression.
Metaplasm:
It consists of adding or removing sounds to words. The metaplasm
in turn is divided into:
 Apocope:It is the suppression of sounds at the end of a
word.
 Paragoge: It is the addition of sounds at the end of words.
 Prosthesis:It is originated by adding one or several
sounds at the beginning of thewords. emplo: push to
regret, push away
Amphibology:
It is the lack of clarity in the statements and gives rise to a double
interpretation
The cacophony:
It consists of the unpleasant repetition of sounds orsyllables in an
expression. Some examples of this vice of diction are tongue twisters
and poetry.
Barbarisms:
It is the vice that results when words are wrongly pronounced
or words other than language are used.
Vices

4. The process by which living beings exchange gases with the external
environment is called respiration. It consists of the entry of oxygen
into the body of a living being and the exit of carbon dioxide from it.
It is indispensable for the life of aerobic organisms. Depending on the
type of organ responsible for the process, breathing can be pulmonary
as in mammals, tracheal in arthropods, gill in fish or cutaneous in
annelids. The exchange can occur with atmospheric air as occurs in
birds and mammals or take place in the aquatic environment that also
contains oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide.
Breathing

5. Pulmonary Breathing
The human lungs are structures belonging to
the respiratory system, they are located in the
thoracic cage, delimiting the mediastinum on
both sides, their dimensions vary, the right
lung is somewhat larger than the left, due to
the space occupied by the heart.
Gill Breathing
The gills are the respiratory organs of aquatic
animals, through which the exchange of gases,
oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the
internal environment and the environment.
Skin breathing
Skin breathing is typical of annelids, some
mollusks and amphibians and even certain
echinoderms.
Tracheal Breathing
It is the type of breathing that insects have. The
tracheas are tubes that open to the outside through
holes called stigmas. From them they penetrate
inwards and decrease in diameter, while their walls
become thinner. Thus, oxygen passes through them
and reaches the cells, while carbon dioxide escapes
them.
Aerobic Breathing
Aerobic respiration is a type of energy
metabolism in which living things extract energy
from organic molecules, such as glucose, by a
complex process in which deoxidized carbon and
in which oxygen from the air is the oxidant used.
Anaerobic Breathing
Anaerobic respiration is a biological process of
monosaccharide oxide and other compounds in
which the electron terminal acceptor is an
inorganic molecule other than oxygen, and more
rarely an organic molecule.
Kind

6. Deep breathing
The easiest exercise to perform from those presented
here.Basicallyitservestocalmdownafterasituationof
stressoreffort.Itisbasedontakingairthroughthe nose,
keeping it in the lungs and finally releasing it gently
through the mouth. Each of the steps shouldlastabout
four seconds.
Diaphragmatic / abdominal breathing
This exercise is also very simple. It is similar to the
previous one, but in this case the breathing will be
abdominal. To carry it out, you need a place where you
canbe comfortable, preferably sitting or lying down. First
of all it is inspired by the nasal route for about four
seconds, keeping the air inside for a few seconds and
gently expelling it through the mouth. Long inspirations
are required, a high volume of air entering the body.
Full breath
This type of breathing combines in a single technique deep
and abdominal breathing. The process begins with the
expulsion of all the air from the lungs. We proceed gently
and deeply to first fill the abdomen, to continue inhaling to
fill the lungs and chest in the same inhalation. The air is
maintainedforafewsecondsandthenthe chestisexpelled
orally and slowly first and then the abdomen.
Alternate breathing throughthe nostrils orNadiShodhana
This technique generally applied in the world of yoga is based
on the alternation between the nostrils when it comes to
inspire. In the first place,one of the nostrils is covered,to make
a deep inhalation through the free nostril. Once inhaled, we
proceed to cover the nostril through which the air has entered
and uncover the other, through which exhalation will occur.
Fire breathing or Kapalabhati
Another technique from yoga. The respiratory exercise begins with a
slow and deep inspiration, which is followed by a rapid and forced
exhalation from the abdomen. The inhalation-exhalation rate is
increased every two seconds to a total of ten breaths. It is a very
energizing breathing, but some caution is recommended since it can
cause hyperventilation and abdominal pain. For this reason it is not
highly recommended for people with high anxiety.
Breath for anger control
This type of exercise is especially indicated in situations that provoke
anger, in order to control it.Takinginto accountthatinhalingcauses the
arrival of oxygen to the body, and therefore of energy, it may be
advisable that in situations where we want to control our anger we
focus on exhalation, a process that is usually relaxing and releasing
pressure.
Guideddisplay
Used as a mechanism of relaxation,this techniqueallows mental
reassuranceespecially.Itis based on the realization of a deep and
regular breath whilea therapistor recordingindicates the type of
thoughts or images that the individual should imagine.Itis usually about
placingthe person in a pleasantmental setting, which allows himto see
his goals and visualizehimself performingthem. It is a technique also
used in mindfulness.
Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation
It is a relaxation technique that includes control of breathing
and muscle tension. With your eyes closed and a comfortable
posture you proceed to maintain a deep and regular breath.
Subsequently, we proceed to take a tour of the body's muscle
group
Exercises

7. Intonation is the variation of the pitch of the voice with which a sentence is
pronounced. The tone or, in acoustic terms, the fundamental frequency, articulates
jointly with the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds.
Modulation of the voice that accompanies the sequence of speech sounds, and that
may reflect differences in meaning, intention, emotion and origin of the speaker. It
consists of the melodic line defined by the succession of tones that, in a spoken
chain, helps determine the meaning. It contains the affective, connotative or
aesthetic information elements. The essential thing is the tonal variations, when the
vocal cords begin to speak they are put in tension and a more or less rapid elevation
of the tone takes place, and when finishing the emission, the relaxation of the vocal
cords causes the tonal descent. The smallest units of intonation are the phonic
group, the tone and the pause.
The Intonation

8. Diction is the way to use words to form sentences, either orally or in writing.
There is talk of good diction when the use of these words is correct and correct
in the language to which they belong, without paying attention to the content or
meaning of what is expressed by the issuer.
It may happen that the message is interesting and correct but the way in which it
is passed makes you lose that value due to an inappropriate use of language or
the possibility of speech. Diction is that ability that a person has to speak
correctly, to say, to establish orally the ideas that we have abstractly in our mind.
Developing diction is a skill that not everyone has, especially if they are not
accustomed to expressing themselves orally in an orderly and clear manner. But
the diction is not only the expression or the content but especially the form, that
is, being able to speak correctly, without errors, with power and clearly so that
the message reaches the receiver more easily.
Diction