The document traces the history and development of the concept of a system. It discusses how Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot first studied systems in steam engines in 1824. Rudolf Clausius later generalized this in 1850 to include the concept of surroundings. Significant further development was done by biologists, mathematicians, and interdisciplinary researchers in the 20th century. The document then provides definitions of a system as a set of interconnected parts working together toward a common goal and maintains homeostasis. It also lists the typical elements of a system.

1. HISTORY OF SYSTEM
In 1824 French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot studied
the system which he called the working substance, i.e. typically a body of
water vapor, in steam engines,
In 1850, the German physicist Rudolf Clausius generalized this
picture to include the concept of the surroundings and began to use the
term "working body" when referring to the system.
One of the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy. In 1945 introduced
models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their
subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature of their
component elements, and the relation or 'forces' between them.
Significant development to the concept of a system was done by
Norbert Wiener and Ross Ashby who pioneered the use of mathematics to
study systems. In the 1980s the term complex adaptive system was coined
at the interdisciplinary by John H. Holland, Murray Gell-Mann and
others.
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D

2. MEANING OF SYSTEM
A set of things working together as parts of a
mechanism or an interconnecting network, a complex
whole
OR
A set of principles or procedures according to which
something is done, an organized scheme or method
OR
A set of detailed methods, procedures and routines
created to carry out a specific activity, perform a
duty, or solve a problem.
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D

3. MEANING OF SYSTEM
An organized, purposeful structure that
consists of interrelated and interdependent
elements (components, entities, factors,
members, parts etc.).
These elements continually influence
one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain
their activity and the existence of the system,
in order to achieve the goal of the system.
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D

4. All systems have
(a) inputs, outputs and feedback mechanisms,
(b) maintain an internal steady-state (called
homeostasis) despite a changing external
environment,
(c) display properties that are different than the whole
(called emergent properties) but are not possessed
by any of the individual elements, and
(d) have boundaries that are usually defined by the
system observer
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D
MEANING OF SYSTEM

5. ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM
Following are considered as the elements of a system
1. Input
2. Output
3. Processor
4. Control
5. Feedback
6. Boundary and interface
7. Environment
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D

6. Systems stop functioning when an element is
removed or changed significantly. Together, they
allow understanding and interpretation of the
universe as a meta-system of interlinked wholes,
and organize our thoughts about the world.
Although different types of systems (from a cell to
the human body, soap bubbles to galaxies, ant
colonies to nations) look very different on the
surface, they have remarkable similarities
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D
MEANING OF SYSTEM

7. MEANING OF SYSTEM
DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D

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DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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M.TECH, Ph.D

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DR. GOVIND SINGH BHADAURIA
M.TECH, Ph.D