The living world explains about the diversity of life forms, their conservation, and protection for studies.

1. The living world

2. Contents
• Characteristics of the living
• Binomial nomenclature
• Rules of nomenclature
• Taxonomic categories
• Taxonomical aids

3. Characteristics of the living
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
• Cellular organization of the body
• Consciousness
• Interaction

4. Biodiversity
• 1.7-1.8 million species
• Variety of organism present

5. Systematics
• Identification
• Nomenclature
• Classification

6. Nomenclature
Binomial system Trinomial system

7. Binomial Nomenclature
• C. Linnaeus
• Two components
• Genus and species

8. Universal rules for nomenclature
• Genus name, first letter capital
• Italics
• Underlined

9. Classification
• Process of grouping anything into
conventional categories based on some easily
observable characters
• Reasons ??

10. Types of classification
• Artificial classification
• E.g., Linnaeus system (sexual system of classification)
• Basis: Morphological features
• Natural classification
• E.g., Bentham & Hooker’s classification
• Basis: Internal characters (ultrastructure, anatomy,
embryology & phytochemistry)
• Phylogenetic classification
• E.g., Eichler classification, Engler and Prantl
classification

11. Taxa and Taxonomy
• Taxa- Level
• Taxonomy- Process of classification

12. Taxonomic categories

13. Taxonomic Aids
• Procedures and techniques to store and
preserve the information as well as
specimens.
• Some taxonomic aids used are
• Herbaria
• Botanical gardens
• Museum
• Zoological parks
• Keys

14. Herbarium

15. Herbarium..
• Depository of plant
specimen
• Dried, pressed and
preserved on sheets
• Sheets are arranged in
accordance with
accepted system of
classification

16. Information on the herbarium sheet
• Date
• Place
• English name
• Local name
• Botanical name

17. Vasculum
• A box for collecting
specimens
• Prevents loss of
moisture and
distortions due to
drying.

18. Information to be recorded during
sample collection
• Habit
• Habitat
• Locality
• Altitude of the place
• Season
• Colours of the flower
• Date of collection

19. Botanical Gardens
• Institutions with numerous types of plants
• Collected from different place for botanical
studies
• Royal Botanical Garden, England, contains
largest herbarium
• Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah
• National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow

20. Museum
• Place used for preservation and exhibition of
both plants and animals
• Generally set up in educational institution
• Plants which can’t be kept in herbaria are kept
in museum
• Preserved in solution of alcohol and formalin
• Larger animals are preserved in stuffed forms
and skeleton forms

21. Zoological parks
• Enclosed areas where animals are kept in
open enclosures
• To learn about their food habits and behavior
(ethology)

22. Key
• Statements to make decisions
• Analytical in nature
• Lead: Each statement in the key
• To identify organism based on similarities and
dissimilarities
• Couplet: Keys based on the contrasting
characters generally in pair

23. International Codes for Nomenclature
• ICBN
• ICZN
• ICNB
• ICTV-Committe
• Proposed by Sprague, Hitchcock, Green

24. Archive

25. Archive

26. Archive

27. Archive

28. Archive

29. Archive

30. Archive

31. Archive