Generation of plastics has increased significantly. Utilization of all types of plastics is unavoidable and it will produce non-biodegradable waste materials. The waste plastics are harmful to the environment if it is not disposed properly. It is very useful in the design and development of high quality flexible road pavement. So, adding the waste plastics as additives in the mix design of the pavement was expected to give good performance when comparing with conventional mix. In this project, advantages and development of modified bitumen is to be studied. The dosage of LDPE modified binder has taken as 6%, 8% &10% in the Open Graded Frictional Course (OGFC) mix design by wet process. The result shows the performance of OGFC mix using PMB.

1. GUIDED BY:
Dr.G.MALARVIZHI
Assisstant Proffessor(Sr.G)
Division of Transportation
Engineering.
SUBMITTED BY:
ARUNKANNA.S -2013117007
MAHALAKSHMI.G -2013117021
REVATH I PRIYA.M -2013117040
SASIKALA.T -2013117044
DESIGN OF OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSE MIX
USING POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN(LDPE)

2.  Pavement classified into Rigid Pavement and Flexible
Pavement.
 Flexible Pavement consists of aggregates,binder and fillers
which support load through bearing rather than flexural
action.
 Road structures have deteriorated more rapidly due to
increase in service traffic density, axle loading and low
maintenance.
 And also the pavement affected by raveling, undulations,
rutting, cracking, bleeding, shoving and potholing due to
over loading and variation in daily and seasonal temperature.
 Various alternative materials (additives) are added to the
paving mix in order to increase its strength, stability, fatigue
cracking and rutting.
INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION
 Use of additives may be like fibers(rubber, plastics,
fibers of coir & sisal) are added by dry process to the
aggregate.
 In wet process crumb rubber,plastic,fibers are blended
with the conventional bitumen to form modified binder
which is used in the bituminous mix.
 That additives are called as ”BITUMEN MODIFIER”.
The bitumen treated with modifiers is known as
“MODIFIED BITUMEN”.
 By using modified bitumen , the life of the pavement is
increase about 50%-100% which is depends upon
degree of modification.

4.  Plastics, are versatile packing materials and commonly used by man but
they become problem to the environment.
 India consumption of Plastics will grow 15 million tonnes by 2015* and is
set to be the third largest consumer of plastics in the world.
 Around 55% is being used for packing. They are mostly dropped and left to
litter the environment, after the contents have been consumed.
 The littered plastics, a non biodegradable material, get mixed with domestic
waste and make the disposal of municipal solid waste difficult.
 Thus the scope of this research work is to investigate the effect of plastic
waste (LDPE) in the design of Open Graded Frictional Course through wet
process.
NEED FOR STUDY

5. To study the properties and gradation of OGFC
mixes using LDPE modified binder.
To assess the optimum dosage of modified
binder in the design of OGFC mix.
To evaluate and compare the performance of
OGFC mix with conventional binder and
modified binder.

6. PLASTIC
Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide
range of organic polymers such as polyethylene,
PVC, nylon, etc., that can be moulded into shape
while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly
elastic form.

7. Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics are the
plastics that do not undergo
chemical change in their
composition when heated
and can be molded again
and again.
Examples
polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene
and polyvinyl chloride.
Thermosetting plastics
Thermosetting, plastics are
synthetic materials that
strengthen during being
heated, but cannot be
successfully remolded or
reheated after their initial
heat-forming.
Examples
Vulcanizedrubber,
polyurethanes
TYPES OF PLASTIC

8. Waste Plastic and its Source
Waste Plastics Origin
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Carry bags, sacks, milk pouches, cosmetic and
detergent bottles.
High density polyethylene ( HDPE) Carry bags, bottle caps, house hold articles etc.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Drinking water bottles etc.
Polypropylene (PP) Bottle caps and closures, wrappers of detergent,
biscuit, water packets, etc.,
Polystyrene (PS) clear egg packs, bottle caps, food trays, egg boxes,
disposable cups, protective package etc.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) bottle caps. Foamed Polystyrene: food trays, egg
boxes, disposable cups, protective package etc.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Mineral water bottles, credit
Source: Guidelines for the use of waste plastic in hot bituminous mixes in
wearing courses (IRC:SP:98-2013)

9.  Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)is a thermoplastic made
from the monomer ethylene.
 It is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm3.
 It is not reactive at room temperatures, except by strong
oxidizing agents, and some solvents causing swelling. It can
withstand temperatures of 80°C continuously and 95°C for a
short time. Made in translucent or opaque variations, it is
quite flexible and tough.
Characteristics of Low Density Polyethylene

10. LDPE

11. OPEN GRADED FRICTION COURSE
(OGFC)
The term OGFC is defined as thin,
permeable layer of asphalt that
incorporates a skeleton of aggregate size
with minimum fines.
OGFC depends on the aggregate
interlock for its stability.
Open-graded friction course (OGFC) is a
porous mix, mainly characterized by high
air void content (12 to 18%).
OGFC depends on the aggregate
interlock for its stability.
Reduction of wet weather skidding
accidents has been a major objective of
OGFC
SPECIAL FEATURES:
 Quick drainage
 Better night visibility
 Glare reduction
 High skid resistance and
stability
 Minimum rutting
 Increased safety
 Improved surface smoothness

12. GRADATION OF OGFC
Sieve (mm) Percentage Passing as per
MoRTH Specification
19mm 100
12.5mm 85-100
9.5mm 55-75
4.75mm 10-25
2.36mm 5-10
0.075mm 2-4
Filler 2-4
Source: MoRTH

13. TYPES OF PROCESS
DRY PROCESS WET PROCESS
• The aggregate are heated to
around 1700C, the plastic waste
shredded by using ‘scrap grinding
machine’ to the size varying
between 2.36mm and 4.75mm.
• This shredded plastic waste is
added over hot aggregate with
constant mixing to give a uniform
distribution.
• The plastic get softened and
coated over the aggregate.
• Then this hot plastic waste coated
aggregates are mixed with hot
bitumen 60/70 or 80/100 grade
(1600C) to prepare a mix.
• Plastic wastes are cut into
pieces using a shredded and
made to powdered form.
• These plastic pieces are added
slowly to the hot bitumen of
temperature around 1700C -
1800C.
• The mixture stirred well using
mechanical stirrer till it
becomes homogenious.
• Then this polumer modified
bitumen will be coated to the
hot aggregated to prepare a
mix.

14. METHODOLOGY

15. Materials used
• Bitumen VG 30
grade
• Aggregates
• LDPE

16. TESTS ON BITUMEN

17. TEST RESULTS
The tests was conducted as per IS specifications given in
table to determine the physical property of the bitumen.
Sl.no Test Conventional
Bitumen VG 30
Recommended
value as er IRC
1 Penetration Test 65 -
2 Softening Point Test 44 (0C ) 35oC to 70oC
3 Specific Gravity Test 1.01 0.97 to 1.02
4 Ductility Test 82 desirable 75cm

18. TESTS ON AGGREGATE

19. TEST RESULTS
The tests was conducted as per IS specifications given in table to
determine the physical property of the Aggregates.
S . NO TESTS IS CODE OBTAINE
D VALUES
PERMISSIABL
E LIMIT
1 Specific gravity
test
IS:2386-1963 2.53 2.5-3.0
2 Impact test IS:2386-1963 10.23 % <10%
3 Sieve analysis IS:2386-1963 - -
4 Flakiness test - 6.5% <15%
5 Elongation test - 39.43% >15%

20. PERCENTAGEOFAGGREGATEPASSING(%)
SIEVE SIZE IN mm

21. Percentageofaggregatepassing(%)
Sieve size in mm

22. Adopted GRADATION OF OGFC
Sieve Sizes
Middle Curve Value
Percentage of passing in
each sieve
Percentage of aggregate
in each mix
19mm 100 -
12.5mm 92.5 7.5
9.5mm 65 27.5
4.75mm 17.5 47.5
2.36mm 7.5 10
0.075mm 3 4.5
Filler 3 3
% of coarse aggregate = 82.5%, % of fine aggregate = 14.5%, Filler = 3%

23. STEP BY STEP PREPARATION OF MIX

26. OGFC Samples with different combination of
LDPE &Binder

27. OGFC Sample

28. Details of samples preared
Sample Type of
Plastic
Plastic % Binder % Blows
1 - - 5 30
2 - - 5 30
3 - - 5 30
4 - - 5.5 30
5 - - 5.5 30
6 - - 5.5 30

29. Sample Type of
Plastic
Plastic % Binder % Blows
7 LDPE 6 5 30
8 LDPE 6 5 30
9 LDPE 6 5 30
10 LDPE 6 5.5 30
11 LDPE 6 5.5 30
12 LDPE 6 5.5 30
13 LDPE 8 5 30
14 LDPE 8 5 30
15 LDPE 8 5 30
16 LDPE 8 5.5 30
17 LDPE 8 5.5 30
18 LDPE 8 5.5 30

30. Marshall Stability & Flow Test Setup

31. •H1, H2, H3, D1, D2 and D3 are heights and diameters at three
different points respectively. H and D are mean height and
diameter respectively
•Wa is the weight of the specimen in air
•Ww is the weight of the specimen in water.
•Gt is the Theoretical specific gravity
•Gm is the Bulk specific gravity
•Vv is the Percentage of air voids
•VMA is the Voids in Mineral Aggregate
•VFB is the Voids Filled with Bitumen
Calculation of Bulk density and Air voids

32. Sample calculation:
Sample Calculation: (Sample 3)
D = 10cm , R= 5cm, H= 5.27cm,V=𝜋𝑅2H = 413.90 cm3
Ww = 487g, Wa = 1127g, W1 = 990 g, W2 =174g,
W3 =36g, W4 = 60g,
Gca =2.53, Gfa =2.41, Gf =2.2, Gb =1,
Gt =
= =2.33

33. Sample calculation:
VMA = Vv + Vb = 24.26+8.38=32.84%
VFB = *100 = *100 =25.52%
Gm = = = 1.76
Vv = = =24.26%
Vb = = =8.38%

34. S.No
LDPE
(%)
Binder
(%)
H1
(cm)
H2
(cm)
H3
(cm)
D1(cm)
D2(cm)
D3(cm)
H
(cm)
D
(cm)
(Kg)
(Kg)
1 - 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.4 10 10.1 10 5.23 10.03 1.121 0.473
2 - 5.0 5.4 5.5 5.3 10 10.0 9.9 5.40 9.97 1.125 0.467
3 - 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.2 10 10.0 10 5.27 10.00 1.127 0.487
4 - 5.5 6.0 6.3 6.5 10 10.0 9.8 6.27 9.93 1.130 0.465
5 - 5.5 6.5 6.6 6.4 10 10.0 10 6.50 10.00 1.133 0.474
6 - 5.5 6.7 6.5 6.6 10 10.1 10 6.60 10.03 1.129 0.484
7 6 5.0 5.5 5.0 5.5 10 10.0 9.8 5.33 9.93 1.128 0.502
8 6 5.0 6.5 6.2 6.0 10 10.0 10 6.23 10.00 1.115 0.500
9 6 5.0 6.5 6.2 6.1 10 10.0 10 6.27 10.00 1.110 0.498
10 6 5.5 6.1 6.5 6.4 10 10.0 10 6.33 10.00 1.114 0.410
11 6 5.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 10 10.0 10 6.40 10.00 1.111 0.403
12 6 5.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 10 10.1 10 7.00 10.03 1.109 0.418
13 8 5.0 6.6 6.6 6.6 10 10.0 10 6.6 10.00 1.151 0.495
14 8 5.0 6.6 6.5 6.6 10 10.0 10 6.57 10.00 1.149 0.490
15 8 5.0 6.5 6.5 6.6 10 10.0 9.8 6.53 9.93 1.147 0.487
16 8 5.5 6.0 7.0 6.8 10 10.0 10 6.60 10.00 1.148 0.498
17 8 5.5 6.6 7.0 6.8 10 10.0 10 6.80 10.00 1.142 0.500
18 8 5.5 6.9 6.6 6.8 10 10.0 10 6.77 10.00 1.137 0.503

35. S.No LDPE% Binder%
%
VMA% VFB%
1 - 5.0 2.33 1.73 25.75 8.24 33.99 24.24
2 - 5.0 2.33 1.71 25.88 8.24 34.12 23.42
3 - 5.0 2.33 1.76 24.46 8.38 32.84 25.52
4 - 5.5 2.32 1.70 26.72 8.86 35.58 24.90
5 - 5.5 2.32 1.72 25.86 8.97 34.83 25.76
6 - 5.5 2.32 1.75 24.57 9.12 33.69 27.07
7 6 5.0 2.33 1.80 22.75 8.57 31.32 27.36
8 6 5.0 2.33 1.81 22.32 8.62 30.94 27.86
9 6 5.0 2.33 1.81 22.32 8.62 30.94 27.86
10 6 5.5 2.32 1.72 25.86 8.97 34.83 25.75
11 6 5.5 2.32 1.71 26.30 8.91 35.21 25.31
12 6 5.5 2.32 1.73 25.43 9.02 34.45 26.18
13 8 5.0 2.33 1.75 24.90 8.33 33.23 25.07
14 8 5.0 2.33 1.74 25.32 8.29 33.61 24.67
15 8 5.0 2.33 1.74 25.32 8.29 33.61 24.67
16 8 5.5 2.32 1.77 23.71 9.23 32.94 28.02
17 8 5.5 2.32 1.78 23.28 9.28 32.56 28.50
18 8 5.5 2.32 1.79 22.84 9.33 32.17 29.00

36. S. No
LDPE
(%)
Binder(%)
Volumeof
mix
()
Correction
Factor
Observed
value(KN)
Stability value
Flow
Value
(mm)
Obtained
value
(KN)
Corrected
value
(KN)
1 - 5.0 413.23 1.47 277 11.74 17.26 2.5
2 - 5.0 421.57 1.47 240 10.18 14.96 2.8
3 - 5.0 413.90 1.47 235 9.96 14.64 3.5
4 - 5.5 485.57 1.09 175 7.42 8.09 2.9
5 - 5.5 510.50 1.00 170 7.21 7.21 3.1
6 - 5.5 521.48 1.00 167 7.08 7.08 3.9
7 6 5.0 412.78 1.47 350 14.84 21.81 04.68
8 6 5.0 489.30 1.09 342 14.50 15.81 04.62
9 6 5.0 492.44 1.09 335 14.20 15.48 04.57
10 6 5.5 497.16 1.04 190 08.06 8.38 04.50
11 6 5.5 502.65 1.04 202 08.56 8.90 04.54
12 6 5.5 553.08 0.89 208 08.82 7.85 04.58
13 8 5.0 518.36 1.00 363 15.39 15.39 10.30
14 8 5.0 516.00 1.00 359 15.22 15.22 10.46
15 8 5.0 505.71 1.04 357 15.14 15.75 10.55
16 8 5.5 518.36 1.00 235 09.96 09.96 08.75
17 8 5.5 534.07 0.96 231 09.79 9.39 08.67
18 8 5.5 531.71 0.96 228 09.67 9.28 08.65

37. 1.73
1.72
1.718
1.72
1.722
1.724
1.726
1.728
1.73
1.732
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
Conventional mix
BulkSpecificGravity
Bitumen%
25.36
25.71
25.3
25.35
25.4
25.45
25.5
25.55
25.6
25.65
25.7
25.75
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
Conventional mix
%ofAirvoids
Bitumen%
24.39
25.91
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8
25
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
Conventional mix
VFB%
Bitumen%

38. 15.62
7.46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6
Conventional mix
Stability(KN)
Bitumen (%)
2.93
3.3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6
Conventional mix
Flowvalue(mm)
Bitumen (%)

39. 1.81
1.72
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.8
1.81
1.82
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
6% of LDPEBulkspecificgravity
Binder (%)
1.74
1.78
1.735
1.74
1.745
1.75
1.755
1.76
1.765
1.77
1.775
1.78
1.785
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
8% of LDPE
Bulkspecificgravity
Binder (%)
22.46
25.86
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
6% of LDPE
Airvoids(%)
Binder (%)
25.18
23.28
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
8% of LDPE
Airvoids(%)
Binder (%)

40. 27.69
25.75
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
6% of LDPE
VoidsFilledwithBitumen(%)
Binder (%)
24.8
28.51
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
29
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
8% of LDPE
VoidsFilledwithBitumen(%)
Binder (%)
14.51
8.48
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
6% of LDPE
Stability(KN)
Binder (%)
15.25
9.81
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
8% of LDPE
Stability(KN)
Binder (%)

41. 4.62
4.54
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.56
4.57
4.58
4.59
4.6
4.61
4.62
4.63
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
6% of LDPE
Flowvalue(mm)
Binder (%)
10.44
8.69
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
8% of LDPE
Flowvalue(mm)
Binder (%)

42. Conclusion
• The utilization of plastic the form of LDPE plastic
wastes can be added to bituminous mix with relatively
lesser binder content than required for OGFC
conventional mix (5.8%).
• Hence the use of LDPE is economical in
construction of bituminous pavement.