2. Cancer
* Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases
characterized by an
* Abnormal growth of cells.
* Ability to invade tissue
* The eventually death of the
affected patient if the tumors
has progressed beyond the
stage when it can be
successfully removed.
3. * Major categories of cancer are
* Carcinoma
* Arises from the epithilial cells lining the internal surface of
various organs (e.g. mouth, oesophagus,uterus )
* Sarcoma
* Arises from the mesodermal cells constituting the various
connective tissues(e.g. fibrous tissue ,bone)
* Lymphoma, myeloma and leukemia
* Arising from the cells of the bone marrow and immune
system
4. Problem statement
* Worldwide
* Every year 10 million people are diagnosed and more then 6
million die.
* 22.4 million people were living with cancer in 2000.
* Most common cancer worldwide are-
* Lungs cancer( 12.3%)
* Breast cancer (10.4%)
* Colorectal cancer(9.4%)
5. * Respiratory tract cancer is most commom site of cancer in
India ,Indonesia, Sri lanka and Thailand.
* Cancer of cervix is most common in India and Indonesia.
* Cancer associated with tobacco
constitude 44.6% of cancer in
men and 20% in female.
6. India
* The four most common cancer in India are –
* Male–oropharynx ,esophagus, stomach and lower respiratory
tract.
* Female-breast, cervix, oropharynx and esophagus.
* Tobacco is used widely in India.
* 91% cases of oropharynx is
due to tobacco use.
* 60% cases in female
are breast ,cervix and
ovary cancer.
7. Cancer patterns
* There are a lot of international variations in the pattern of
cancer which are attributed to a number of factors
such as:-
* Environmental factors
* Food habits
* Lifestyle
* Genetic factor
* Inadequacy in detection and reporting if cases.
8. Environmental factors
* Tobacco-
* Tobacco in various forms of usage can
cause cancer of lungs, layrnx, mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, bladder,
panceras and probably kidney.
* Cigratte smoking is now responsible
for more than 1 million death each year.
* Alcohol-
* Excess intake of alcohol can cause esophageal and liver cancer.
* Beer consumption may be associated with rectal cancer .
* Alcohol contributes about 3% of all cancer deaths.
9. * Dietary factors-
* Smoked fish is related to stomach cancer.
* Dietary fibre to intestinal cancer.
* Beef consumption to bowel cancer.
* High fat diet to breast cancer.
* Viruses-
* Hepatitis B&C- hepatocarnioma
* HIV infection- Kaposi’s carcinoma
* AIDS- non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
10. * Parasite-
* May be a cause of cancer.
* Schistosomiasis can produce Cancer of lungs.
* Others-
* Sunlight, radiation, water and air pollution, medication and
pesticides.
* These are related to cancer as environmental factors.
11. Genetic factors
* Genetic influences have long been suspected.
* Retinoblastoma occurs in children of the same parent.
* Mongols are more likely to develop leukemia.
* There is probably a complex relationship between herediatary
susceptibility and environmental carcinogenic stimuli in the
causation of cancer.
12. Cancer control
* It consits of prevention ,detection, diagnosis, treatment, after care
rehabilitation, reducing incdence and prevalence.
* Primary control-
* Reducing the exposure to the risk factors.
* Control of tobacco and alcohol consumption.
* Personal hygiene-
* Improvement in hygiene may decline the incidence of certain types
of cancers.
* Radiation-
* Effort should be made to reduce the amount of radiation received
by each individuals to a minimum without reducing the benfits.
13. * Should protect workers from exposure to industrial
carcinogens.
* Food, drugs and cosmetics should be tested for carcinogens.
* Control of air pollution is a preventive measure.
* Early detection and prompt treatment of precanerous lesions.
14. Secondary prevention
* Cancer registration.
* Hospital-based registries.
* Population based registries.
* Early detection of cases.
* Treatment.
15. HIV / AIDS
H- Human
I - Immunodeficiency
V- Virus.
A-Acquired
I - immuno
D-deficiency.
HIV is the deadly virus which causes AIDS.
16. What is HIV ...?
* HIV damages specific cell of immune system ,and body’s
natural defense system.
* HIV attacks CD4 cells (T cells) thereby reducing them.
* This CD4 cells help the immune system to fight against the
infection.
* Thus , the person become more viable to infection and infection
related diseases.
17. What is AIDS …?
* Final stage of HIV infection is AIDS.
* Not everyone who have HIV infection advances to this stage.
* At the stage of AIDS , immune system gets badly damaged and
body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
* In this ,CD4 cells number falls
below 200 cells per cubic
millimeter of blood.
18. Facts
* Worldwide ,36.9 million people were living with HIV.
* 2.6 million people are living with HIV worldwide.
* HIV is a strongest risk factor for the development of active TB
diseases.
* 1 in 5 those who are infected with HIV are unaware.
* In the US, every 9.5 minutes someone is diagnosed with HIV.
19. History
* Scientists have found that source of HIV infection is type of
chimpanzee in West Africa.
*According to researches belief HIV virus was introduced when
hunters became exposed to infected blood.
* In early 1980s , the world became aware of AIDS.
20. Symptoms
* Fever.
* Chronic fatigue.
* Night sweats.
* Diarrhea that lasts
more than 1 week.
* Dry cough.
* Rapid weight loss.
* Dry, flaky skin.
* Mouth sores.
* Swollen lymph nodes.
* White spots on tongue, mouth.
* Aching muscles and joints.
21. Diagnosis
* ELISA- Initial screening test.
* Antigen test- To detect HIV infection early.
* Western bolt test- Confirmatory test.
* CD4 count- Stage detection test.
22. Transmission
* Having vaginal or anal sex with someone who has HIV without
using a condom or taking medicines to prevent or treat HIV.
Anal sex is riskier than vaginal sex.
* Sharing injection drug equipment such as needles, with
someone who has HIV.
23. * From mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or
breastfeeding.
* Getting stuck with an HIV-contaminated needle or other sharp
object.
24. Not transmitted
* Air or water
* Mosquitoes, ticks or other insects
* Saliva, tears, or sweat that is not mixed with the
blood of a person with HIV
* Shaking hands, hugging, sharing toilets, sharing
dishes, silverware, or drinking glasses, or engaging in
closed-mouth or social kissing with a person with HIV
* Other sexual activities that don’t involve the exchange
of body fluids (for example, touching).
25.
26. Prevention
* Condoms are the best way to prevent HIV because the virus
can't pass through the barrier. But you must use them
correctly each and every time you have sex. Latex condoms
give you the best protection. If you’re allergic to them, use
polyurethane (plastic) or polyisoprene (synthetic rubber) ones.
Stay away from condoms with a natural membrane like
lambskin. They have small holes in them, so they can’t block
HIV.
* Use a water- or silicone-based lubricant to lessen the chance
that a condom will break during sex. Don’t use oil-based
lubricants like Vaseline or mineral or massage oils. They can
weaken the condom and make it more likely to break.
27.
28. Treatment
* There is no medicine currently available for HIV.
* But, Antiretroviral test helps in reducing presence of virus in the
body.
* Other treatment you can do is – keep your immune system
strong. Take prescribed medicines. Monitor your CD4 cells
level.
