it includes bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan diseases

1. An assignment on the topic:
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
ALLIE N U,
Msc biotechnology

2. CONTENT
 CHOLERA
 TUBERCULOSIS
 DIPHTHERIA
 SYPHILIS
 INFLUENZA
 POLIOMYELITIS
 MALARIA
 AMOEBIASIS
 DERMATOMYCOSES

4. INTRODUCTION
 Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the
ingestion of bacterium Vibrio cholerae present in
faecally contaminated water or food.
 Infectious disease that causes severe watery
diarrhea.
 It can lead to dehydration and even death if
untreated.
 disease is most common in places with poor
sanitation, crowding, war, and famine.

5. Causes
 Vibrio cholerae, is usually found in food or water
contaminated by feces from a person with the infection.
 Common sources include:
Municipal water supplies
Ice made from municipal water
Foods and drinks sold by street vendors
Vegetables grown with water containing human wastes
Raw or undercooked fish and seafood caught in waters
polluted with sewage

6. Symptoms
 watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting.
 Dehydration
 Rapid heart rate
 Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original
position quickly if pinched)
 Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the
mouth, throat, nose
 Low blood pressure
 Muscle cramps

7. Diagnosis
 presence of V. cholerae in stools is confirmed
through laboratory procedures.
 rapid diagnostic test (RDT)is also available.

8. Treatment
 Oral rehydration salts (ORS) - Efficient treatment
resides in prompt rehydration through the
administration of ORS or intravenous fluids,
depending of the severity of cases.
 Use of antibiotics.

11. Introduction
 TB is a bacterial disease which in humans is usually
caused by an organism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(M. tuberculosis).
Bovine TB is a disease caused by similar bacteria called
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis).
Bacteria spread through the air from one person to
another.

12. Symptoms
 Bad cough that lasts longer than two weeks.
 Chest pain
 Cough up blood or phlegm
 Fatigue, fever and night sweats
 Weight loss

13. Diagnosis
 TB skin test
 Sputum microscopy
 Culture test
 Genexpert test

14. Treatment
 Treatment consists of combination of drugs that
must be taken for at least six months.
 Drugs – delamand and bedaquiline (MDR TB).
 BCG vaccine in children prevent the disease.

16. DIPHTHERIA

17. Introduction
 Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that affects
the mucous membranes of the throat and nose.
 It spreads easily from one person to another.
 diphtheria can be prevented through the use of
vaccines.
 A type of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheria
causes diphtheria.

18. Causes
 Spread through person-to-person contact or through
contact with objects that have the bacteria on them.
 You may also get diphtheria if you’re around an
infected person when they sneeze, cough, or blow
their nose.
 The bacteria most commonly infect your nose and
throat.
 Once you’re infected, the bacteria release dangerous
substances called toxins.
 The toxins spread through your bloodstream and
often cause a thick, gray coating

19. Symptoms
 Signs of diphtheria often appear within two to five
days after the infection occurs.
 most visible and common symptom of diphtheria is a
thick, gray coating on the throat and tonsils.
 Other common symptoms include:
a fever
chills
swollen glands in the neck
a loud, barking cough
a sore throat

20. Diagnosis
 Doctor will likely perform a physical exam to check
for swollen lymph nodes.
 they see a gray coating on your throat or tonsils.
 A sample of the affected tissue and send it to a
 laboratory for testing, a throat culture may also be
taken .

22. Treatment
 first step of treatment is an antitoxin injection.
 antibiotics, such as erythromycin and penicillin are
also used.

23. Prevention
 The vaccine for diphtheria is called DTaP. It’s usually
given in a single shot along with vaccines for
pertussis and tetanus.
 The DTaP vaccine is administered in a series of five
shots. It’s given to children at the following ages:
2 months
4 months
6 months
15 to 18 months
4-6 years

24. SYPHILIS

25. Introduction
 Syphilisis a highly contagious disease spread primarily
by sexual activity.
 Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.
 Syphilis was once a major public health threat,
commonly causing serious long-term health problems
such as arthritis, brain damage, and blindness.

26. Symptoms
 Early or primary syphilis. People with primary syphilis
will develop one or more sores. The sores are usually small
painless ulcers.
 secondary stage may last one to three months and begins
within six weeks to six months after exposure. People
experience a rash typically on the palms of the hands and soles
of the feet.
 Latent syphilis. This is where the infection lies dormant
(inactive) without causing symptoms.
 Tertiary syphilis. If the infection isn't treated, it may then
progress to severe problems with the heart, brain, and nerves
that can result in paralysis, blindness, dementia, deafness,
impotence, and even death if it's not treated

28. Diagnosis
 Syphilis can be easily diagnosed with a quick and
inexpensive blood test.

29. Treatment
 A single dose of penicillin is usually enough to
destroy the infection.
 For those allergic to penicillin, tetracycline,
doxycycline or another antibiotic can be given
instead

30. INFLUENZA

31. Introduction
 Influenza, or flu, is a respiratory illness caused by a
virus.
 Flu is highly contagious and is normally spread by
the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.
 Three types of flu viruses exist - influenza A,
influenza B, and influenza C. Types A and B viruses
cause seasonal epidemics.
 The type C influenza virus causes mild respiratory
illness and is not responsible for outbreaks.

33. Symptoms
 high temperature
 cold sweats and shivers
 headache
 aching joints and limbs
 fatigue, feeling exhausted
 early symptoms can include cough, sore throat, fever,
body ache, chills, and gastrointestinal changes

34. Diagnosis
 Viral culture
 Rapid influenza diagnostic test
 Reverse transcription PCR

35. Treatments
 Antivirals, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and
zanamivir (Relenza), may be used.
 Painkillers can alleviate some of the symptoms, such
as headache and body pains

36. Prevention
 There are two types of vaccinations, the flu shot and
the nasal-spray flu vaccine.
 The flu shot is administered with a needle, usually in
the arm.
 The nasal-spray flu vaccine is a vaccine made with
live, weakened flu viruses that do not cause illness.

37. Poliomyelitis

38. Introduction
 Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly
contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the
nervous system.
 Polio is caused by the virus poliovirus.
 Two types of polio- non paralytic polio and paralytic
polio

39. Symptoms
Non paralytic polio Paralytic polio
 These signs and symptoms
can be flu-like and can
include:
 fever
 sore throat
 headache
 vomiting
 fatigue
 meningitis
 Non-paralytic polio is also
known as abortive polio.
 Initial symptoms are similar to
non-paralytic polio. But after a
week, more severe symptoms
will appear. These symptoms
include:
 loss of reflexes
 severe spasms and muscle pain
 loose and floppy limbs,
sometimes on just one side of
the body
 sudden paralysis, temporary or
permanent
 deformed limbs,

41. Diagnosis
 doctor will diagnose polio by looking at your
symptoms.
 They’ll perform a physical examination and look for
impaired reflexes, back and neck stiffness, or
difficulty lifting your head while lying flat.
 Labs will also test a sample of your throat, stool, or
cerebrospinal fluid for the poliovirus.

42. Treatment
 Doctors can only treat the symptoms while the
infection runs its course.
 But since there’s no cure, the best way to treat polio
is to prevent it with vaccinations.

43. MALARIA

44. Introduction
 Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood
disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite.
 It is transmitted to humans through the bite of the
Anopheles mosquito.
 Once an infected mosquito bites a human, the
parasites multiply in the host's liver before infecting
and destroying red blood cells

45. Symptoms
 a sensation of cold with shivering
 fever, headaches, and vomiting
 Symptoms of severe malaria include:
fever and chills
impaired consciousness
prostration, or adopting a prone position
Deep breathing and respiratory distress

46. Causes (life cycle)
 Malaria happens when a bite from the female
Anopheles mosquito infects the body with
Plasmodium.
 Only the Anopheles mosquito can transmit malaria
 When an infected mosquito bites a human host, the
parasite enters the bloodstream and lays dormant
within the liver.
 The host will have no symptoms for an average of
10.5 days, but the malaria parasite will begin
multiplying during this time..

47. •The new malaria parasites are then released
back into the bloodstream, where they infect
red blood cells and multiply further.
•Some malaria parasites remain in the liver and
are not released until later, resulting in
recurrence.
•An unaffected mosquito becomes infected once it
feeds on an infected individual. This restarts the
cycle

49. Diagnosis
 Microscopic laboratory test
 Rapid diagnosis test.

50. Treatment
 Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is
recommended by the WHO to treat uncomplicated
malaria.
 Artemisinin is derived from the plant Artemisia annua,
better known as sweet wormwood.
 It is known for its ability to rapidly reduce the
concentration of Plasmodium parasites in the
bloodstream.

51. AMOEBIASIS

52. Introduction
 Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestines
caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
 Amebiasis is common in tropical countries with
underdeveloped sanitation.

53. Causes
 E. histolytica is a single-celled protozoan that
usually enters the human body when a person
ingests cysts through food or water.
 The cysts are a relatively inactive form of the parasite
that can live for several months in the soil.
 When cysts enter the body, they lodge in the
digestive tract. They then release an invasive, active
form of the parasite called a trophozite.
 The parasites reproduce in the digestive tract and
migrate to the large intestine.

54. •There, they can burrow into the intestinal wall
or the colon.
• This causes bloody diarrhea, colitis, and tissue
destruction.
•The infected person can then spread the
disease by releasing new cysts into the
environment through infected feces.

56. Symptoms
 Loose stools and stomach cramping.
 Amebic dysentery is a more dangerous form of
amebiasis with frequent watery and bloody stools
and severe stomach cramping.
 fever and tenderness in the upper-right part of your
abdomen.

57. Diagnosis
 stool test to screen for the presence of cysts.
 ultrasound or CT scan to check for lesions on your
liver.
 If lesions appear, your doctor may need to perform a
needle aspiration to see if the liver has any abscesses.
 a colonoscopy may be necessary to check for the
presence of the parasite in your large intestine.

58. Treatment
 Treatment for uncomplicated cases of amebiasis
generally consists of a 10-day course of
metronidazole.

59. DERMATOMYCOSIS

60. Introduction
 A dermatomycosis is a fungal infection of the skin.
 Tinea pedis is the most common DM and is also
called athlete’s foot.
 It usually manifests between the toes. Affected skin
appears reddened, scaly and sometimes chapped.
 Tinea pedis is not only the most common form of
DM, it may also be the primary lesion that serves as a
reservoir for pathogens that are subsequently
transmitted to other areas of the body.

62. Symptoms
 Symptoms vary with the fungal pathogen and with
the area of the body affected by DM.
 Many DM are associated with scaly, reddened skin
and itching.
 The skin might look chapped and lose hair if any is
present.
 A very common presentation of DM is that of the
ringworm.
 It manifests in form of red, round or ring-shaped,
itching rashes.

63. Diagnosis
 the physician will obtain skin, hair or nail samples,
analyze them under a microscope and possibly
establish a fungal culture.

64. Treatment
 Drug therapy is indicated to eliminate the pathogen
from the skin.
 Focal, uncomplicated DM are usually treated with
antimycotics for topical use, e.g., creams, ointments
or nail polish.
 Any therapy should be continued until two weeks
after complete resolution of symptoms.

65. THANK YOU