communicable diseases - respiratory infections

1. Communicable Diseases
Respiratory infections
Anju T N
Assistant Professor
Karuna college of pharmacy

2. Definition
 Communicable Disease is one that can transmitted from one
person to another and is caused by an infectious agent that is
transmitted from a source or reservoir to a susceptible host.

3. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS
INTESTINAL
INFECTIONS
ARTHROPOD
BORNE
INFECTIONS
ZOONOSES SURFACE
INFECTIONS
SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
Chickenpox Poliomyelitis Dengue fever Rabies Trachoma Syphilus
Measles Viral hepatitis Malaria Yellow fever Tetanus Gonorrhoea
Mumps Cholera Lymphatic
filariasis
Leprosy AIDS
Rubella Typhoid fever
Influenza Food
poisoning
Diphtheria Amoebiasis
Whooping
cough

4. Respiratory
infections

5. Chicken pox

6.  Chicken pox or varicella is an acute highly infectious disease caused by
varicella Zoster virus.
 Mode of Transmission
 Transmitted from person to person by droplet infection
 The portal of entry of virus is the respiratory tract.
 Also spread by contamination from the discharge from ruptured lesion
of the skin.
 Congenital route
 Incubation period
 About 14-16 days.

7. Clinical features
 The clinical course of chickenpox is divided into 2
 Pre Eruptive stage:
 Onset is sudden with mild or moderate fever
 Pain in the back
 Shivering and malaise
 Very brief stage lasting only for 24hrs
 Eruptive stage
 Fever
 Varicellar lesions/rashes on the trunk, face and the limbs

8. Control & prevention
 Varicella Zoster immunoglobulin (VZ Ig)
 VZ Ig given with in 72 hours of exposure in susceptible individual.
 No therapeutic value in established infections
 Vaccine
 A live attenuated varicella virus vaccine id safe and currently
recommended for children between 12-18 months of age who have not
had chickenpox
 Treatment
 Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir

9. Measles (Rubeola)

10.  An acute highly infectious disease of childhood caused by a specific
virus of the group myxovirus.
 Causative agent: RNA paramyxovirus commonly called rubeola virus.
 MOT :
 droplet infection
 Incubation period : commonly 10 days from exposure to onset of fever
and 14 days to appearance of rash

11. Clinical features
 The clinical course of measles is divided into 3 stages.
 Prodromal stage
 Begins with 10 days after infection, and lasts until Day 14.
 Fever
 Coryza with sneezing and nasal discharge
 Cough
 Redness of the eyes
 Lacrimation
 Photophobia
 Vomiting & diarrhoea
 A day or two before the appearance of the rash koplik spots appear on the buccal
mucosa

12.  Eruptive stage
 This phase is characterized by a typical, dusky red, macular
or maculo-papular rash which begins behind the ears and
spreads rapidly in a few hours.
 Post measles stage
 Weight lose
 Remain weak for no of days

13. KOPLIK’S SPOTS

14. Prevention and control
 The prevention of the disease is done by active immunization.
 A single dose of 0.5ml of the reconstituted vaccine is
administered subcutaneously in children of 9-12 months age.

15. Influenza

16.  Influenza is an acute respiratory tract infection.
 Occurs epidemics & occasionally pandemics.
 Causative agent: influenza virus A, B, C belonging to the
family orthomyxoviridae.
 Incubation period : 1-2 days
 MOT: droplet infection

18. Prevention & control

19. Treatment
 Antiviral drugs like amantadine and rimantadine in a dose of 100mg is
given twice a day for 3 to 5 days.
 Useful for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza.

20. Diphtheria

21.  Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infections with local and systemic Effects
which primary involves tonsil pharynx, nose and occasionally mucus
membrane, skin, and sometimes conjunctiva
Causative organism
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Produces a toxin that can destroy human body tissues and organs
Mode of Transmission
Mainly by droplet transmission
Transmitted directly from infected cutaneous lesions

22. Signs and symptoms
 Sore throat
 Loss of appetite
 Mild fever
 Bluish –white or grey adherent
membrane in the throat and tonsils
which cannot wipe off with swap
 Bull neck
 Paralysis of muscle due to
diphtheria toxin
 Patient may recover within 6 – 10

23. Complications
 Abnormal heart beats which may lead to heart failure.
 Inflammation of heart muscles and valves (lead to chronic heart disease
and heart failure).
 The most severe complication is respiratory obstruction followed by death.
 Myocarditis and paralysis 2-7weeks after onset.

24. Treatment
 Antibiotics
 Erythromycin
 Oxygen therapy: - only for obstructed air ways
 Antitoxin: - diphtheria antitoxin 40,000IU IM or IV
 Supportive
 Paracetamole for fever
 Encourage child to eat and drink
 Avoid disturbance
 Assess respiratory status every three hourly
 Admit child close to nurse stations

25. Prevention and control
 Maintain high level of
immunity in the community
with three doses of DPT/
penta-valent
 Isolate the child
 Provide care by fully
immunized staff
 Diphtheria toxin booster
dose for immunized house
hold