infectious diseases presented by Akash Bhagwat

2. INRRODUCTION
 The infectious diseases are serious problems to
world health.
 Effective control of communicable diseases is
necessary for national development economic self
dependence.
 Even the after controlling old communicable
diseases like (small pox, poliomyelitis) the
problems are not yet solved because the new
infectious diseases are developing in community.
E.g. Covid 19, swine flu.

3. CONTI….
The infectious disease is defined as a
disease which is produce d by the infectious
pathogens. E.g. bacteria, viruses. This
pathogens is transmitted to the person to
person directly or indirectly.
In other concept the term of communicable
diseases is also defined a diseases can
spread from one person to another person.

4. CONTI….
Before the starting of communicable
diseases we should know about the
meaning of incubation period.
The interval or period between entry of
microorganism in body to shows the sign
and symptoms of disease, this duration
called as incubation period.

6. INTRODUCTION
 Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It’s typically
transmitted through the bite of an infected Female
Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry
the Plasmodium parasite. This parasite is living in
sewage. When this mosquito bites you, the parasite
is released into your bloodstream.
 The plasmodium parasite classified into mainly 4
types plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax,
plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale.
 Incubation period of malaria is an 7 to 30 days.

7. CONTI….
 Once the parasites are inside your body, they
travel to the liver, where they mature. After
several days, the mature parasites enter the
bloodstream and begin to infect red blood cells.
 Malaria is typically found in tropical and
subtropical climates where the parasites can live.
 According to World Health Organization (WHO)
in 2016, there is an estimated 216 million cases
of malaria in 91 countries and 4,38000 deaths are
reported in globally.

8. CONTI….
 In April 1953, Government of india started
National Malaria Control Programme which is
come under the “National vectors born diseases
control programme. (N.V.D.C.P)
 The N.V.D.C.P include the Malaria, Filaria,
Japanese encephalitis & Dengue.
 The main objective of NMCP is an reduce the
morbidity and mortality rate of malaria and
provide the proper knowledge regarding the
preventive and curative treatment of malaria.

9. But in 2016, the malaria control programme
has been now shifted in National
Framework for Malaria Elimination in
India 2016-2030.
CONTI….

10. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF
MALARIA
The sign and symptoms malaria typically
develop within a 7 to 30 days after entering
parasite in body.
The common sign and symptoms of malaria
including:
High fever with shaking chills
Profuse sweating
Severe headache

11. CONTI….
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain due to persistent
vomiting.
Diarrhea and dehydration.
Severe body pain
Convulsion in case patient with high
fever
Weakness and dizziness.

12. INVESTIGATION OF MALARIA
Blood examination : The malaria parasite
(Plasmodium) can be identify the
examining under the microscope a drop of
patient blood, this process called as blood
smear.
The complete physical examination of
patient.

13. MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA
 Before the understanding of the management we
should know about the what are the aims of
management of malaria.
 According to national vector born diseases control
programme (2012-2017) the aims of malaria
management following are:
1. To provide the prompt treatment and complete the
treatment of all susceptible or confirmed cases of
malaria.
2. To prevent the mild cases of malaria.

14. CONTI….
3. To prevents the deaths from malaria.
4. To prevent the complications of
malaria.
5. To prevent the transmission of malaria.

15. TREATMENT OF MALARIA
 EDPT is the main strategy in malaria management.
EDPT means “Early Detection & Prompt
Treatment.”
 The physician may administer the anti-malarial
drugs such as Chloroquine, Doxycycline &
Mefloquine.
 The symptomatic treatment is also given to the
patient such as antipyretic medication, pain relief
medication.
 The physician may also administer the I.V. fluid to
the patient to maintain the electrolyte balance.

16. VECTORS CONTROL MEASURES
Use the indoor pesticide sprays to kill the
mosquitos .
Use the outdoor pesticide sprays and apply on
savage water to reduce the production of
mosquitos.
Use the mosquitos net during the sleeping and
bed side time.
Apply the net screening on the windows and
doors.

17. CONTI….
Use the mosquito repellent ointments and
creams in daily activity and use the full
sleeve cloths.
Early screening is very important, if
person having a sign and symptoms of
malaria.

20. The filaria is an worldwide disease. The filaria
is also communicable disease & also
transmitted by the mosquito.
Filaria is also called as Elephantiasis.
The filaria is transmitted by the Culex mosquito
and the causative organism of filaria is an
Wuchereria Bancrofti parasite. (W. bancrofti).
This W. bancrofti parasite is also found in the
sewage water and grow in the culex mosquito.
INTRODUCTION

21. CONTI….
 The filaria it is an disorders which is attack on
the lymphatic system in our body.
 The lymphatic system maintain extra-cellular
fluid in our body. The extra-cellular fluid
circulated by the lymphatic vessels.
 W. bancrofti parasite are enter the lymphatic
vessels and grow there.
 The lymph fluid has been obstruct in lymph
vessels due to growth of W. bancrofti parasite.

22. CONTI….
 Due to the obstruction in lymph vessels, lymph fluid
accumulated there and increased the swelling on
affected part.
 The filaria mainly affect the legs because, high
lymph vessels are present in legs.
 The incubation period of filaria is an 8 to 16
months.
 In india this disease commonly found in Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, Tamil
Nadu, Gujarat, Kerala, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal.

24. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF
FILARIA
The primary symptoms of filaria is
an mild or moderate fiver, weakness,
enlargement of the affected part,
difficulty in walking, fatigue, nausea
and vomiting.

25. TREATMENT OF FILARIA
 The physician may administer the antiparasitic
drugs, such as Diethylcarbamazine (DEC),
mectizan, and albendazole.
 Using good hygiene to clean the affected areas
 Elevating the affected areas. (For circulation)
 Caring for wounds in the affected areas.
 Exercising based on a doctor’s directions.

26. CONTI….
 Surgery in extreme cases, which may include
Reconstructive surgery for the affected areas or
surgery to remove affected lymphatic tissue.
 Treatment may also include emotional and
psychological support.

27. VECTORS CONTROL MEASURES
Use the indoor pesticide sprays to kill the
mosquitos .
Use the outdoor pesticide sprays and apply on
savage water to reduce the production of
mosquitos.
Use the mosquitos net during the sleeping and
bed side time.
Apply the net screening on the windows and
doors

28. CONTI….
Use the mosquito repellent ointments and
creams in daily activity and use the full
sleeve cloths.
Early screening is very important, if
person having a sign and symptoms of
filaria.

30. INTRODUCTION
 The Japanese Encephalitis is an zoonotic
disease and it also caused by the bite of
mosquito.
 The japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an
causative microorganism.
 Japanese encephalitis is virus (JEV) cannot
transmitted from one person to another.
 Japanese encephalitis virus grow and transmitted
by the culex mosquito.

31. CONTI….
 The Japanese Encephalitis disease is affects on
the central nervous systems and cause severe
complication like seizures, unconsciousness and
death also.
 The incubation period of japanese encephalitis is
an 5 to 15 days.
 The japanese encephalitis disease is most
prevalent in south east Asia’s countries.
 An estimation indicates that 50,000 cases of JE
occurs globally each year with 10,000 deaths and
nearly 15,000 disabled.

32. SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF J.E.
 Fiver
 Severe headache
 Nausea & vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Myalgia
 Irritability
 Hemiparesis
 Altered behavior
 Convulsion
 Coma
 Confusion
 Dizziness
 Weakness
 Cachexia

33. TREATMENT OF JAPANESE
ENCEPHALITIS
 There is no any specific treatment of japanese
encephalitis, but symptomatic treatment is given to
the patient such as pain relief medication,
antipyretic medication and antibiotics medication.
 The preventive vaccination is available for this
disease which is called as the “Japanese
Encephalitis Vaccine.”
 The first dose of the JE vaccine is given after
complete the 9 to 12 months and second dose has
been given after complete the 16 to 24 months.

35. INTRODUCTION
 The dengue is an infectious disease caused by
the “Dengue Virus” which is spread in human
beings by the “Aedes Aegypti Mosquitos.
 Severe dengue infection is leading cause of
serious illness and death among the children's
and person with low immunity.
 The dengue infection can affect any age group or
sex.
 The incubation period of the dengue is an 4 to 6
days.

36. SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF DENGUE
 High fever with chills
 severe body pain
 Nausea and vomiting
 Myalgia ( Muscle aches)
 Retro-orbital pain (Pain in eye)
 Arthralgia
 Weakness and dizziness

37. TREATMENT OF DENGUE
 There is no any specific effective antibiotics,
antiviral treatment and vaccination for the
dengue.
 The supportive treatment is an main past of the
dengue management. I that include the complete
rest, antipyretic medication, intravenous fluid
and blood components therapy.
 This treatment is complete based on the severity
of the dengue and clinical symptoms.

39. INTRODUCTION
The tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease
that primarily affects on the lung parenchyma.
The tuberculosis is an transmitted by the directly
(air born & drop lets) or indirectly also.
The primary infectious agent is an
Mycobacterium Tuberculi which is rod shaped &
Acid based bacteria.
The Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium
avium have been rarely associated with the
development of the a TB infection.

40. CONTI….
The tuberculosis is an worldwide public health problem
that closely associated with poverty, malnutrition, living
in overcrowded area and person who have AIDS-HIV
disease.
The mortality and morbidity rate continue to rise. In
2014, 9.6 million peoples were sick with TB throughout
the world and there were 1.5 million TB related deaths.
According to World Health Organization, india is the
country with highest burden of TB. In 2016, about 2.79
million cases of TB were reported in india out of the
total incidence of 10.4 million cases globally.

41. CONTI….
The incubation period of the tuberculosis is
an 12 weeks.
Seven countries count for 64% of the total
TB cases worldwide, and India leading the
highest count, followed by Indonesia,
China, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, and
South Africa.

42.  The tuberculosis (TB) control activities are
implemented in country for more that 50 years.
The national TB programme (NTP) was
launched by the government of india in 1962 in
form of the district TB model involved with
BCG vaccination and TB treatment. In 1978
BCG vaccination was shifted under the
National immunization schedule programme.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS
CONTROL PROGRAMME- 1997

43. CONTI….
 In the year of 1992, the join review committee of
NTP was found the shortcoming in NTP programme
due to managerial weakness, inadequate funding,
non-stander treatment and incompletion treatment.
 In the year 1993, the World Health Organization
declared TB as a global health emergency and
develop the “Directly Observed Treatment” which
is published by the name of DOTs therapy. In 1997
the government of india revitalized the NTP
programme as a Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Programme with DOTs therapy.

44. CONTI….
 The government of india released a new
strategic plan in 2017 for tuberculosis which in
published by the National Strategic Plan For
Tuberculosis Elimination 2017 to 2025.

45. GOAL & OBJECTIVE OF RNTCP-1997
GOAL –
The goal of RNTCP is an decreased the
morbidity and mortality rate due to TB and cut
the transmission of TB infection.
OBJECTIVES –
To cure and achieve the 85% cases of positive
sputum.
Completion of DOTs therapy treatment.
Prevent the relapses cases with complications.

46. RISK FACTORS OF TB
 Close contact with someone who has active TB.
 Inhalation of airborne microorganism from an
infected person.
 Immunocompromised conditions (e.g. Those
peoples who have HIV infection, Cancers and
prolonged high-dose of corticosteroid)
 Substance abuse (e.g. IV injection drugs users
and alcoholism)
 Prolonged active and passive smoking.

47. CONTI….
Preexisting medical conditions (e.g.
Chronic Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic
kidney disorders, malnourishment and
transplanted organs.)
Living with overcrowded and substandard
housing.

48. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF
PULMONARY TB
 The sign and symptoms of pulmonary TB are
insidious.
 Most of patient having a low grade fiver,
coughing, night sweats, fatigue and weight
loss.
 The cough may be nonproductive or
mucopurulent sputum expectorated.
 Hemoptysis also may occur ( Blood in sputum)
 Chest pain and backpain due to coughing.
 Weakness, dizziness and irritability.

49. DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
 Once the patient presents with a positive
mantoux test, blood test, or sputum culture then
additional assessment must be done. These test
include the a complete the history taking of
patient and their family members, Complete
head to foot examination, Lungs consolidation
by breathing sound and chest X-ray.

50. TREATMENT OF TB
 Pulmonary TB is treated primarily with Anti
tuberculin agents for 6 to 12 months.
 Prolong treatment duration is necessary to
ensure eradication of M. tuberculi and to
prevent the relapse.
 The recovery from TB is possible if the patient
complete the DOTs therapy with effectively.

51. ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
The recommended treatment guideline for
newly diagnosed case of pulmonary TB have
two phases 1st is an “Initial phase” and 2nd is
“Continuation phase.” – (Gilbert theory
2015)
The initial phase consist of the multiple-
medication including Isoniazid (INH),
Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol and
Vitamin B6- 50 mg. This all are medication
taken once a day and they are oral medication.

52. CONTI….
This initial intensive treatment regimens is
given daily for 8 weeks, then continuation
phase start the after completion of initial phase.
The continuation phase given daily for 4 or 7
moths. The 4 month period is used for the large
majority of patient and 7 months of period used
when patients sputum culture positive after the
completion of initial phase. The drugs include
the INH and Rifapentine.

53. ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS MEDICATION FOR
ACTIVE TB
S
R
AGENTS/ DRUG
NAME
ADULT
DOSE
COMMON SIDE-
EFFECTS
NURSING
CONSIDERATION
1 Isoniazid (INH) 5 mg/kg Neuritis, hepatic
enzyme elevations.
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.
2 Rifampin
(Rifadin)
10 mg/kg Hepatitis, nausea &
vomiting.
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.
3 Rifabutin
(Mycobutin)
5 mg/kg Nausea-Vomiting,
Weakness.
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.
4 Rifapentine
(Priftin)
10 mg/kg Hepatoxicity,
Thrombocytopenia
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.
5 Pyrazinamide 15-30
mg/kg
Hyperuricemia,
Hepatoxicity.
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.
6 Ethambutol
(Myambutol)
15-25
mg/kg
Optic neuritis (may
lead to blindness).
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.
7 Rifamate
(INH+Rifampin)
150
mg/kg
Skin rash, nausea &
vomiting.
Right dose-right rout-right
medication and right time.

55. INTRODUCTION
 Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome is a
chronic, potential life-threatening disease caused
by the “Human Immuno-deficiency Virus”
(HIV). The HIV virus damage the immune
system of human body.
 HIV is an sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Its can spread also contact with blood, mother to
child during pregnancy and breast feeding and
other body fluids.
 HIV and AIDS is an non-curable disease, but
medication can increased the life span of

56. CONTI….
 In HIV infection the CD4 cells are decreased
resulting the immunity compressed.
 The incubation period of the HIV/AIDS is an
approximately 9 moth to 20 years or more.

57. NATIONAL AIDS CONTROL
PROGRAMME-1986 (NACP)
 The national AIDS control programme was
started on 1986 by government of india.
 The main objective of NACP is an reduce the
morbidity and mortality rate due to HIV/AIDS.
 The main strategies of NACP is an identify the
cases of HIV/AIDS by the testing, counseling to
the positive patients regarding their health issues
and promoting to adherence treatment regimens.

58. SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF HIV/AIDS
 Low grade fiver
 Headache
 Muscle aches and
joint pain
 Rash on skin
 Sore throat
 Swelling on lymph
glands especially
tonsils.
 Diarrhea
 Weight loss
 Cough
(Nonproductive)
 Night sweats
 Weakness and
fatigues
 Loss of appetite
 Nausea and vomiting

59. DIAGNOSTIC FINDING
 ELISA test : Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay is the
primary test which is done in HIV/AIDS. In a test tube,
antibodies of HIV is effuse in the HIV antigen. If the
antigen and antibodies bind with each other, then blood
formed a crystallizes structure, that’s indicate the HIV is
positive.
Antibody of HIV
Antigen of HIV
Binding of
Antibody and
Antigen
Positive
HIV test
Negative
HIV test
Test tube
ELISA TEST

60. TREATMENT OF HIV/AIDS
 The Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) is a the
main part of the HIV/AIDS treatment. The
antiretroviral involve multiple drugs following
are : Abacavir, Didanosin, Lamivudine,
Stavudine and Zidovudine.
 The symptomatic treatment is also given to
HIV/AIDS patients.
 The HIV/AIDS can’t cure but ART treatment
increased the life span of patients.

62. INTRODUCTION
 The leprosy is an infectious disease that causes severe
disfiguring skin sores and nerve damage in the arms,
legs, and skin areas and around the body.
 The leprosy is also known as a Hanson's disease, isn’t
very contagious. You can catch it only come into close
and repeated contact with person who have untreated
leprosy.
 The main causative organism of leprosy is an
“Mycobacterium leprae’’
 Today about 2,08000 people world worldwide are
infected with leprosy, according to the world health
organization most of them in Africa and Asia.

63. CONTI….
 The incubation period of leprosy is an 20 years
or more because mycobacterium leprae grow
very slowly.
 This organism targets the skin, eyes, nose, and
muscles.

64. NATIONAL LEPROSY
ERADICATION PROGRAMME-1955
 The National Leprosy Eradication programme is
a centrally sponsored health scheme of the
ministry of health and family welfare, Govt. of
India.
 The national leprosy control programme(NLCP)
was launched in 1955 in order to control the
number of leprosy infection.
 In 1983, the strategies for leprosy eradication
programme were changed and National leprosy
eradication programme was launched.

65. CONT….
 While the NLEP strategies and plans are
formulated centrally, the programme is
implemented by the states and UTs. The
programme is also supported as a partners by
world health organization and International
Federation of Anti-leprosy Associations.
 The main objective of NLEP is an reduce the
mortality and morbidity rate of leprosy.
 Early detection & monitoring through active
surveillance by the trained health workers.

66. CONTI….
 Regular treatment of cases by providing multi-
drugs therapy in a heath center nearby village.
 Provide the intensified health education and
public awareness campaigns to remove social
stigma attached to the disease.
 Provide the appropriate medical rehabilitation
and leprosy ulcer care services.

67. SIGN & SYMPTOMS OF
LEPROCY
 Discoloration and patches on skin that may be
numb and look faded.
 Growing nodules on the skin.
 Thick, Stiff or dry skin.
 Painless ulceration on the skin.
 Loss of tissues, hair, nails, fingers, eyebrows
and eyelashes.

68. CONTI….
 Numbness on affected area of skin.
 Nerve cells damage, muscle weakness and
paralysis (especially in the hand and feet)
 Eye problems that may lead to blindness (When
facial nerves are affected.)

69. TREATMENT OF LEPROSY
 WHO developed a multidrug therapy in 1995 to cure all
types of leprosy disease. This multidrug therapy is
available free of cost in worldwide.
 Additionally, several antibiotics medication has been
uses in leprosy to kill the bacteria. These antibiotics
including following are:
Dapsone
Rifampin
Clofazimine
Minocyline & Oflaxacin.