Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly affects the lungs. It is a major public health problem in developing countries. The risk of tuberculosis is higher among people who are in close contact with others infected, those with HIV/AIDS, or those with weakened immune systems. Tuberculosis spreads through the air when people who are sick with pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis expel bacteria by coughing, sneezing, or spitting. Primary prevention involves vaccination with the BCG vaccine for at-risk groups. Secondary prevention focuses on screening, early diagnosis, and ensuring proper treatment to prevent disease progression. Tertiary prevention aims to identify and treat those who already have active
2. INTRODUCTION
•Tuberculosis is the respiratory system disorder .
•The duration of tuberculosis is very long hence is called
as a chronic respiratory tract disease. tuberculosis is
the major problem in developing countries.
•"It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs and
parenchyma mostly cause due to the mycobacterium
tuberculosis. "
3. INCIDENCE
•Incidence of Tuberculosis among 5 to 11 time more
then in white people.
•It has been estimated that about 2 million people are
affected by tuberculosis infection with mycobacterium
tuberculosis and it is second most common cause of
death in world rank .
•An in every year 2 million people get affected with
mycobacterium tuberculosis.
4. RISK FACTOR
•Closed contact with someone having active
tuberculosis infection.
•HIV infection Cancer and organ transplant
surgery.
•Diabetic mellitus Chronic renal Failure.
•Living in more crowded area Health care worker.
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DUE TO
ETIOLOGICAL
FACTOR
INDIVIDUAL INHALE
SUFFICIENT
NUMBER OF
TUBERCULLI
BACILLI
PASSES LOWER TO
BRONCHIAL SYSTEM
BASCILLI
MULTIPLY
NECROSIS OF
PARENCHYMAL CELL
INFLAMATION OF LUNG
PARENCHYMA ie-
ALVEOLI
BACILLI IMPLANT
THEMSELVES ON THE
RESPIRATORY
BRONCHIOLE
ANTIGEN
ANTIBODY
RECTION
TUBERCULOSIS
CELLULAR
REACTION
PRODUCESS WHITE
NODULE CALLED
PRIMARY
TUBERCULLI
9. PRIMARY PREVENTION
•Primary prevention in tuberculosis is necessary to avoid
the disease transmission and causing infection in
healthy people.
•The BCG vaccine is given to children who are
predisposed to get TB infections, such as children living
in endemic countries or close contacts with a
confirmed case of TB.
10. SECONDARY PREVENTION
•Secondary prevention for tuberculosis refers to
the methods that are used for screening and early
diagnosis, such as tuberculin skin test (TST) and
IGRAs; as well as ensuring that the right
treatment regimen is given at the right time to
prevent disease progression.
11. TERTIARY PREVENTION
•The treatment of people who have already
developed a disease is often described as tertiary
prevention.
•The final strategy used for preventing and
controlling TB in the United States is identifying
and treating patients with active TB.
