The document discusses the basic structure and components of a weaving loom. It describes the key parts of a loom including the warp beam, heddles, harnesses, shuttle, reed, and cloth roller. It explains the basic motions of a loom for weaving fabric such as shedding, picking, and beating up. It also discusses the primary, secondary, and stop motions that are used to control the weaving process and produce different types of fabrics. The purpose of a loom is to hold the warp yarns under tension to allow the weft yarns to be woven through, forming the fabric.

1. 1
BGMEA University of Fashion and
Technology (BUFT)
Course Title: Fabric Manufacturing Engineering-ll (lab)
Course code: TEX3104
Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Study on Basic structure of a Loom/Weaving machine.
Group: 06 Sec-2A
Lab Report
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Ms. Taslima Ahmed Tamanna Id: 191-093-801,
Lecturer, BUFT 191-267-801,
Department of TE 191-285-801,
Date: 04/04/2021 191-383-801

2. 2
Experiment Name: Study on Basic structure of a Loom/ Weaving machine.
Introduction:
Weaving is done on a machine called a loom. Loom is a machine which used to manufacture
woven fabric. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate
the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary,
but the basic function is the same. Loom are driven by two ways. These are manual system and
automatic system.
Objectives:
1. To know about basic structure of a Loom/ Weaving machine
2. To know about how to produce fabric by loom without any damage.
3. To know about different parts of a loom and their functions.
4. To know about different types of loom and how they work.
5. To know about different motions which are used in loom.
Apparatus:
1. Loom/ Weaving machine
2. Weft yarn
3. Warp yarn
4. Cloth beam
5. Weavers beam
6. Shuttle

3. 3
Description:
In the loom, yarn processing includes shedding, picking, battening and taking-up operations. A
weaving loom forms yarns into fabric by controlling the warp let-off and fabric take-up, the
patterning of the yarns, the insertion of the filling or picks, and the beating-up of the filling yarn
into the fabric. A loom contains different parts. Every part has individual function. The major
components of the loom are the warp beam, heddles, harnesses or shafts (as few as two, four is
common, sixteen not unheard of), shuttle, reed and take up roll. The precise shape of the loom and
its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same. Warp yarns are held taut within the
loom, and weft yarns are inserted and pushed into place to make the fabric. The conversion of
warp sheet into fabric by interlacing with weft yarn requires the basic operations to be carried out
on loom in a specific order. It involves the primary motions, secondary motions and the stop
motions. Loom motion controls the fabric production. By using these motion weavers can
produce different types of fabrics.

4. 4
Images: Basic motions and essential parts of loom

5. 5

6. 6
Introduce different parts:
Warp beam
The warp beam, which holds the lengthwise yarns, is located at the back of the machine and is
controlled so that it releases yarns to the weaving area of the loom as needed.
Whip roll
This is guide roller which directs the warp threads on their way to the lease rods and heddles.
Lease rods
Another guiding device it is for the warp yarns. These are two sorts of wooden or glass rods set
between the whip rolls and the heddles.
Alternating warp threads can be kept separate by passing over and under these rods.
Heddles/Healds
A heddle is a wire with a hole or eye in its center through which a warp yarn is threaded. There
are as many heddles as there are warp yarns in the cloth, and the heddles are held in two or more
harness.
Harness
A harness is a frame to hold the heddles. The harness position, the number of harness, and the
warp yarns that are controlled by each harness determine the weave pattern or interlacing.
Bobbin and Shuttle
The filling thread is wound on a bobbin which sets into a shuttle or bobbin container. As the shuttle
passes back and forth through the warp shed, it releases thread from the bobbin and so forms the
filling cloth.
Reed
This is inevitably a combination made up of steel wire rods set vertically in a frame. The spaces
between the wires are known as splits or dents and are kept even and parallel. This is the first
function of reed. Its second function is to feed the filling thread into position. To do this it has to
move in a back and forth motion.

7. 7
Breast beam
The bar his is, at the front of the loom over which the cloth passes on its way to the cloth roller.
Temples
They divide at the edges of the cloth which supports to maintain fixed dimension in width.
Main function of every parts during weaving and for motions of a loom:
Functions of different parts of loom during weaving:
Warp Beam:
The warp beam, which holds the warp yarns, is located at the back of the machine and is
controlled so that it releases warp yarns to the weaving area of the loom as needed. This beam is
produced by warping.
Healds Shaft:
It is a frame which contain more amount of wire. Every wire contains a hole or eye in its center
through which a warp yarn is threaded. Healds control the warp yarn to produce shed by the
tappet, dobby, or jacquard mechanisms.
Shuttle:
Shuttle is the device used in weaving to carry the weft warn. The picking is completed by shuttle
at shuttle loom. The filling thread is wound on a bobbin which sets into the shuttle or bobbin
container. As the shuttle passes back and forth through the warp shed, it releases thread from the
bobbin and so forms the filling cloth.
Reed:
This is inevitably a combination made up of steel wire rods set vertically in a frame. The spaces
between the wires are known as splits or dents and are kept even and parallel. This is the first
function of reed. Its second function is to feed the filling thread into position. To do this it has to
move in a back and forth motion. It attaches the pick with fell of the cloth.

8. 8
Cloth Roller:
The cloth beam, which holds the fabrics , is located at the front of the machine. The produced
fabric is wind on this beam by take up motion.
Picker:
It is a parts which attach with a spindle. It’s get motion from picking arm and this motion help
the shuttle to passing one side to another side. It made by plastics.
Picking Stick or Arm:
It is a wooden arm or stick which give motion on the picker.
Temple:
The parts at the edges of the cloth which supports to maintain fixed dimension in width.
Lease Rod:
Another guiding device it is for the warp yarns. These are two sorts of wooden or glass rods set
between the whip rolls and the heddles. Alternating warp threads can be kept separate by passing
over and under these rods.
Loom Motions: Primary, Secondary and Stop Motions of Loom
Loom has three types of motion:
A. Primary motion
B. Secondary motion
C. Tertiary motion or Stop motion
Primary motions
These are the motion which are most necessary in any loom to produce the fabric without these
motions weaving is not possible. These are the fundamental motions of a loom that is why these
are called as primary motions. There are three primary motions of loom
1. Shedding
2. Picking
3. Beat-up

9. 9
Shedding:
In this motion the word warp sheet is divided in two layers to form a tunnel known as shed that is
the shuttle can pass through this shed. It can be formed by using tappet dobby or Jacquard
shedding.
Picking:
In this motion a pick of weft passes through the shed from one side to another by the help of a
shuttle. Shuttle is not used for picking in case of shuttle less loom. So picking is the process in
which a weft is pass through the shed.
Beat up:
Beat up is the process in which the reed beats -up the last pick of weft up to the cloth fell
position.
Secondary motions
These motions are next in importance to the primary motions. For continuous weaving these
secondary motions are necessary. So these motion are call as secondary motions.
There are two secondary motions
1.Take-up motion
2. Let-off motion
Objectives of secondary motions
1. To provide facility for take up and let off motion.
2. It releases the warp from the back beam.
3. To take up the women cloth pick by pick.
Take up motion
In this motion the the cloth roller take up the fabric pick by pick as weaving take place. In this
motion 5 wheel and 7 wheel are use.

10. 10
It is of two types
1. 5- wheel take up motion
2. 7- wheel take up motion
Let off motion
In this motion warp yarn are released from the weaver’s beam so that is weaving can take place.
Let-off motion and take up motion works simultaneously.
Let-off motion is of two types
1.Positive let of motion
2.Negative let off motion
Auxiliary motions
These motions are optional and not necessary but to get high productivity and good quality of
fabric these are very useful motion.
There are three auxiliary motions
1. Warp stop motion
2. Weft stop motion
3. Warp protector motion
1. Warp stop motion
In this motion when there is a warp break due to any reason, the loom stops automatically and
prevent the defect to take place.
The warp stop motion is of two types

11. 11
a) Electrical warp stop motion
b) Mechanical warp stop motion
2. Weft Stop motion
This motion stops the loom, if the weft is not present in the shuttle or there is a missing Weft. It
is a very important motion and helps to improve the quality of fabric.
This motion is of two types
a) Side weft fork motion
b) Centre weft fork motion
3. Warp protector motion
This motion is used in shuttle loom. This motion stops the loom when the shuttle gets trapped
into the shed and the reed comes forward for beat up This motion protects the reed and warp
yarns from being damage by the shuttle.
It is of two types
1. Loose Reed motion
2. Fast reed motion
Conclusion:
In this experiment we get a clear idea about the basic structure of a Loom/ Weaving machine,
Use of loom, how to produce fabric by loom without any damage, different parts of a loom and
their functions, different types of loom and how they work, different motions which are used in
loom. Loom motion controls the fabric production. By using these motion weavers can
produce different types of fabrics. The purpose of loom is to hold the warp yarns so that weaving
can take place properly. Loom give the facility to produce the desired design on any fabric. It
would be much better if we could see the machine in in real life. It will have a great impact when
we will see it in real life. This will help us in the upcoming experiment of this course and it will
also helpful for future professional life.ar

12. 12
Reference:
1. https://textilelearner.net/how-to-improve-productivity-and-efficiency-in-weaving-mill/
2.https://textilelearner.net/primary-secondary-and-stop-motions-of-
loom/#:~:text=The%20conversion%20of%20warp%20sheet,Secondary%20motion
3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom#:~:text=A%20loom%20is%20a%20device,basic%20functi
on%20is%20the%20same.
4. https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3759/facts-about-weaving-loom-types
5. https://textilehelp.org/objective-and-motions-of-loom/