Biochemical engineering

1. Introduction To Biological Products,
Biotechnological Products
& Their Applications
Presentation on:
Presented to:
Dr. Aun
Presented by:
Zahra Naz------------------------BS-BT-04

2. BS-Biotechnology (5th semester)
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Pakistan.

3. Biological Products
Biotechnological Products
Proteins
Zahra Naz
Roll No. 04

4. Biological Products
(Biogenic Compounds)
“Substance Produced By A Living Organism”
e.g. by Human/Animal Tissue Or from Microbes
Examples:
Blood, Toxins Or Anti-toxin, Vaccine.
Types:
Four Main Types Of Biological Molecules Are:
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Lipids
d) Nuclei Acids

5. Carbohydrates
The most abundant biological molecules
Carbon compounds containing large quantities
of hydroxyl groups
Energy rich compounds
Have a variety of important functions
(structural, nutritional , informational) in living
systems

7. Lipids
Carbon containing ,non -polar bio-molecules
The most energy rich bio-molecules
Functionally much important as insulators, structural
components, energy storage ,etc.

9. Proteins
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulfur
Almost half of a cell consists of proteins
Serve as structural components, control molecules
(enzymes), transport and messenger molecules in
animals

11. Nucleic Acids
Large biological molecules, essential for all known
forms of life
Store information for cellular growth and
reproduction
Not a energy source like carbohydrates, proteins and
lipids
These are of two types:
a) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
b) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

12. Sources of nucleic
acids

13. Biotechnology
“The Controlled Use Of Biological Agents, Such As
Microorganisms Or Cellular Components.”
(US-National Science Foundation)
Biotechnology Products
“Products Which are Manufactured By Recombinant DNA
Technology(Produced By Biotechnology)”
Examples:
a) Antibiotics
b) Vaccines
c) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)
d) Transgenic Plants
e) Beverages ,etc.

14. Antibiotics
Medicines which are useful
against bacterial actions and
are obtained from living
organisms
Vaccines
Weakened or dead microbes
for inoculation in the body to
produce immunity against the
infection that respective
healthy microbe can cause

15. Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO’s)
Organisms with modified genetic material
or
organisms with foreign DNA.
Types:
Genetically Modified Animals
Genetically Modified Bacteria
Genetically Modified Plants
Genetically Modified Flowers

16. Genetically Modified Fruit Genetically Modified Flower
Genetically Modified Bacteria Genetically Modified Animal

17. Cloned Animals
Animals which have
same characteristics
as that of their
parents
Dolly sheep

18. Confectionery
Industry

19. Hormones Vitamins
Artificial Organs

20. Proteins

21. Characteristics of Proteins
Contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Serve as structural
components of animals
Basic building block is the
amino acid
Serve as control molecules
(enzymes)
Serve as transport and
messenger molecules

23. Levels of Organization
Primary structure
Amino acid sequence of the protein
Secondary structure
-H bonds in the peptide chain backbone
--helix and -sheets
Tertiary structure
Non-covalent interactions between the R groups
within the protein
Quanternary structure
Interaction between 2 polypeptide chains

25. Types of Proteins
Globular Proteins – most of
what we have dealt with so
far
– Compact shape like a ball
with irregular surfaces
– Enzymes are globular
Fibrous Proteins – usually
span a long distance in the
cell
– 3-D structure is usually
long and rod shaped
– Keratin

26. Functions
Make up about 15% of the cell
Have many functions in the cell
– Enzymes
– Structural
– Transport
– Motor
– Storage
– Signaling
– Receptors
– Gene regulation
– Special functions

28. Birra Bukhari
Roll No. 28
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

29. Carbohydrates
Structure , Abundance , Sources , Application

30. Definition :-
• Biogenic /organic
compounds that are
polyhydroxy
aldehyde or
polyhydroxy ketones
• General formula :
Cm(H2O)n

31. Classification
• Carbohydrates are classified into three
groups
Monosaccharide:-Monosaccharide are
simple sugars
e.g. glucose, Ribose
Oligosaccharide:-Oligosaccharides are
compound sugars & yield 2 to 10
molecules of monosaccharide on
hydrolysis
e.g. Sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharide:-Polysaccharides
are compound sugars and yield more
than 10 molecules of monosaccharides
on hydrolysis
e.g. chitin, glycogen

32. Structure :-
There are three types of structural representations of
carbohydrates:
 Open chain structure.
 Hemi-acetal structure.
 Haworth structure.

33. Functions :-
• Carbohydrates are chief energy source
• Glucose is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in
plants.
• Intermediates in biosynthesis of fats and proteins.
• In animals they are important constituent of
connective tissues.
• Help in modulation of immune system
• Carbohydrates that are rich in fiber content s, so help
to prevent constipation
• Form structural and protective components

34. Lipids
Structure , Abundance , Sources ,
Application

35. Definition :-
Any of a class
of organic
compounds that are
fatty acids or their
derivatives and are
insoluble in water
but soluble in
organic solvents.
They include many
natural oils, waxes,
and steroids.

36. Structure :-
• Lipids has no single common
structure. The most
commonly occurring lipids are
triglycerides and
phospholipids.
• Triglycerides are fats and
oils. Triglycerides have a
glycerol backbone bonded to
three fatty acids. If the
three fatty are similar then
the triglyceride is known as
simple triglyceride

37. Structure :-
Phospholipids
contains glycerol and
fatty acids, they also
contain phosphoric
acids and a low-
molecular weight
alcohol. Common
phospholipids are
lecithins and
cephalins.

38. Types of Lipids

39. List of Lipids

40. Functions :-
• Lipids are storage compounds, triglycerides
serve as reserve energy of the body.
• Lipids are important component of cell
membranes structure in eukaryotic cells.
• Lipids regulate membrane permeability.
• They serve as source for fat soluble vitamins
like A, D
• They act electrical insulators to the nerve
fibers , where the myelin sheath contains
lipids.

41. Structure , Abundance , Source , Application
Nucleic Acids

42. Definition
Nucleic acids are large organic compounds
found in the chromosomes of living cells and
viruses.
They are strong acids found in the nucleus of
the cells.
The nucleic acid polymers are with
high molecular weights as high as 100,000,000
grams per mole

43. History
In 1869 , Friedrich
Miescher developed ways
of isolating intact nuclei
from cells and analyzing
their chemical content.
From the nuclei he
extracted substances rich in
phosporous and nitrogen.
They came to be known as
"nucleic acids."

44. Types of nucleic acids
There are two types of nucleic acid They are
found in abundance in all living cells as:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which contains
the hereditary information in humans .
RNA (ribonucleic acid) which delivers the
instructions coded in this information to the
cell's protein manufacturing sites.

45. Structure of nucleic acid
Structure of nucleic acids is a linear sequence of
nucleotides, linked by phospho-diester linkages.
Made up of three components - Nitrogenous base, 5-
carbon sugar and phosphate groups.
Nitrogenous base are purines(adenine, guanine) and
pyrimidines {cytosine, thymine (present in DNA only),
uracil (present in RNA only)

46. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA is one of
the macromolecules, it contains
the genetic information
• It is used in the development and
functioning of all living
organisms.
• The DNA segments carry genetic
information are called the genes.
• DNA segments have structural
functions or regulate the genetic
information.

48. RNA(ribonucleic acid)
The functions of ribonucleic acid is to convert
genetic information from genes into amino acid
sequences of protein.
RNA is of three types,
1. tRNA (transfer RNA),
2. mRNA (messenger RNA)
3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA).

50. Function:-
The deoxyribonucleic acid is the storage for
place for genetic information in the cell.
DNA controls the synthesis of RNA in the cell.
The genetic information is transmitted from
DNA to the protein synthesizers in the cell.
RNA directs synthesis of proteins.
m-RNA takes genetic message from RNA.
t-RNA transfers activated amino acid, to the
site of protein synthesis.
r-RNA are mostly present in the ribosomes, and

51. Faiza Shaukat
BS-BT-23
BS-Biotechnology (5th semester)
Applications Of
Biotechnological Products

52. MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS

53. VACCINES
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and
severe outcomes.
Safe and effective vaccines have been available and used for more
than 60 years.
For example among healthy adults, influenza vaccine can prevent
70% to 90% of influenza-specific illness.
Vaccination is especially important for people at higher risk of
serious influenza complications.
Among the elderly, the vaccine reduces severe illness and
complications by up to 60%, and deaths by 80%.

55. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONES
HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, play role of growth in
children and adolescents.
It also helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle
and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart
function.
Produced synthetically, HGH is the active ingredient in a number
of prescription drugs.
If taken in excessive amount they cause nerve, muscle, or joint
pain, high cholesterol levels .

57. ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are used for treatment or prevention of bacterial
infection.
For example
1-CEPHALOSPORIN:
Derived from fungus used for treatment of infections
it destroys bacterial cell wall by causing osmotic lysis and death of
bacterial cell
2-ACTINOMYCIN:
Derived from soil bacteria. it is a polypeptide antibiotic
It is an anti-cancer drug

59. VITAMINS
People are treated with vitamins for some reasons. The primary
reason is to relieve a vitamin deficiency, when one has been
detected.
Niacin supplementation prevents pellagra, a disease that occurs in
people who rely heavily on corn as the main source of food and
who do not eat much meat or milk.
The risk for cardiovascular disease can be slightly reduced for a
large fraction of the population by folic acid supplements.
. One example is pernicious anemia, a disease that tends to occur
in middle age or old age and impairs the absorption of vitamin
B 12 . Surveys have revealed that about 0.1 percent of the general
population, and 2–3 percent of the elderly, may have the disease. If
left untreated, pernicious anemia leads to nervous system damage.

60. APPLICATIONS IN
MINING

61. BIOMINING
Microbial mining to recover metals from low grade ores.
First ground to the fine powder.
Incubation with Mos.
Metal converted into soluble salt and then leaches out
(bioleaching).
Recovered by suitable chemical processes.
For example
Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans is the key for bioleaching of
gold, copper, and uranium.

63. APPLICATION IN
AGRICULTURAL FEILD

64. TRANSGENIC PLANTS AND CROPS
Efforts are going on to use genetic engineering to increase the
production of sugars, fatty acids, starches, cellulose, rubber etc.
In this regard, the transgenic plants can play an important role as
‘factories’ for manufacturing specialty chemicals and
pharmaceuticals.
Example: increase in the level of mannitol in transgenic tobacco
plants following the transfer of the gene for mannitol
dehydrgenase fromE.Coli to tobacco.
Transgenic plants have been used to study the expression of
genes in different environmental conditions

66. APPLICATIONS IN
BIOREMEDIATION

67. BIOREMEDIATION
The decontamination of soil and water from pollutants using
microorganisms (bioremediators) is known as bioremediation.
The human species generates colossal quantities of waste, which
needs to be processed to protect the environment.
Bioreactors provide a highly controlled “contained” space in which
biotreatment processes can be carried out.
Such is the versatility of these devices that a wide range of wastes
can be treated under optimized conditions. However, it is necessary
to consider the genomic aspects15 of the various microorganisms.