3. “Buckyball” is the common name for a molecule called
Buckminsterfullerene.
which is made of 60 carbon atoms formed in the shape of a
hollow ball.
British scientist Harry Kroto discovered it in 1985. The
arrangement of the atoms resembled the shape of the
geodesic domes invented by architect Buckminster Fuller.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 3
5. Along with American researchers Richard Smalley
and Robert Curl, Kroto was able to create bucky balls
in the laboratory. For this work, the three were
awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996.
The discovery of buckyballs was surprising, as the
Scientists aimed the experiment at producing
carbon plasmas to replicate and characterize
unidentified interstellar matter.
Mass spectrometry analysis of the product indicated
the formation of spheroidal carbon molecules.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 5
6. These researchers found that buckyballs had
many interesting properties .
They were very hard to break apart, even at
temperatures of nearly 1000 °C, and would
bounce back if squeezed or slammed against
a solid object…
It is made up of 20 hexagons and 12
pentagons with an unbonded electron
surrounding each one of the 60 carbon atoms
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 6
7. They reflect a fluorescent light.
Fullerenes are soluble in many
aromatic solvents such as
toluene and carbon disulphide,
but not in water. Solutions of
pure C60 have a deep purple
color which transforms into
brown upon drying off the
solvent.
It is the largest particle to
possess wave-particle duality
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 7
8. It is a large molecule.
They are the largest known molecule to exist in
space.
The diameter of a C60 molecule is about 1
nanometer (nm).
It is very strong, it can be twice as rigid as diamond.
It is very malleable, and resiliant beyond any particle
that we have ever known.
It is a very stable molecule.
It can be used to transport other molecules inside like
a basket, or on the surface like a "fuzzyball.“
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 8
9. The experimental evidence- a strong peak at 720 atomic
mass units, indicated that a carbon molecule with 60
carbon atoms was forming, but provided little structural
information.
The research group concluded, that the most likely
structure was a spheroidal molecule.
The idea was quickly rationalized as the basis of
an icoshedral symmetry closed cage structure. Kroto
mentioned geodesic dome structures of the noted futurist
and inventor Buckminster Fuller as influences in the
naming of this particular substance as
buckminsterfullerene.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 9
12. Fullerenes can
be made by
vaporizing
carbon within a
gas medium.
(they could
form
spontaneously
in a condensing
carbon vapor)
Schematic cross-sectional drawing of the supersonic laser-vaporization
nozzle
used in the discovery of fullerenes
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 12
17. It is a powerful antioxidant, reacting readily and at a
high rate with free radicals, which are often the cause of
cell damage or death.
It behaves like a "radical sponge," as it can sponge-up
and neutralize 20 or more free radicals per fullerene
molecule.
It possess a novel ability of selectively entering
oxidation-damaged cerebral endothelial cells rather
than normal endothelial cells and then protecting them
from apoptosis.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 17
18. It enhances skin absorbtion
and helps fight the appearance
of fine lines, wrinkles sagging skin
and dark spots caused
by the oxidation of cells.
UV Whitening Cream contains
Fullerene RS™, a patented
Nobel Prize technology,
which is a superior radical scavenger
with unparallel anti-oxidation effect
that eliminates free radicals and
inhibits UVA-Induced melanin formation.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR
18
19. Allergic disease is the sixth leading cause of chronic
disease in the United States, and while various
treatments have been developed to control allergy,
no cure has been found.
These findings advance the emerging field of
medicine known as nanoimmunology.
new biological function of a buckyball – the ability
to block allergic response, setting the stage for the
development of new therapies for allergy.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 19
20. The exciting biological activities of water-soluble fullerene
derivatives includes the inhibition of enzymes of-
human immunodeficiency (HIV)
hepatitis A, B and C viruses,
anti cancer action,
antiproliferative effects,
photodynamic therapy And efficient neuroprotective
activity.
Some fullerene derivatives can be successfully applied as
advanced bacteriostatic agents and contrast materials in X-ray
and magnetic resonance imaging.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 20
21. The first and main use that scientists are hoping to
implement with bucky balls is the use in the medical
field.
In 2007, there was a study conducted that used
bucky balls to get medication into cancer cells.
They did this by creating proteins that could attach
to the cell membrane of a cancer cell and then push
through. Similar to how a virus is able to get into a
cell, scientists were able to make bucky balls do the
same thing.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 21
22. The use of bucky balls in fibre optics. Because of the
perfect spherical shape that they carry, they are
able to transmit light.
Polyurethane is added and this creates a thin film
on a flat service that light can travel through.
It's considered to be a more efficient method of
transmitting the light across the cables.
Fullerenes hold great promise also in non-physiological
applications where oxidation and
radical processes are destructive (food spoilage,
plastics deterioration, metal corrosion).
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 22
23. The C60 molecule can also bind large numbers
of hydrogen atoms (up to one hydrogen for each
carbon) without disrupting the structure.
This property suggests that bucky balls may be an
efficient medium to make hydrogen fuel more
accessible to the general economy.
Buckminsterfullerene could also inhibit the HIV
virus. In particular, C60 inhibits a key enzyme in the
human immunodeficiency virus known as HIV-
1 protease; this could inhibit reproduction of the HIV
virus in immINuSTnITUeTE cOFe PHlAlsRM.ACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 23
24. The optical absorption properties of C60 match solar
spectrum that favors C60-based films for photovoltaic
applications. Conversion efficiencies up to 5.7% have
been reported in C60-polymer cells.
In medicine, buckyballs are able to function as
miniature containers. Useful drugs can be inserted
within the hollow spheres for later release within the
body. Buckyballs also are small enough to enter skin
pores directly and deliver subsurface medicine
where needed.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 24
25. Water soluble Fullerene Derivatives which were localized
closely to Mitochondria gave a new perspective on the
use of Fullerenes in drug delivery systems.
There are rejuvenated creams based on vitamin C60 which
had replaced vitamin E (released by nano-c in japan).
the Zelen Fullerene C60 Day Cream which incorporates
nanoscale C60 Fullerene and it turns out that the material
has remarkable antioxidant properties. Zelens claims its
newly released day cream is the first to harness the
power of Fullerene C-60 carbon for cosmetics
applications. That helps to explain the product's £150
($250) price tag.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 25
26. They are expensive to make and therefore,
have not found much use in the actual world.
their main use is for research right now and
as companies find ways to make them for
cheaper
there is a good chance that bucky balls will
begin to gain a foothold in both the medical
and industrial world because of its strength
and its properties.
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 26
27. http://www.tech-faq.com
http://www.pearltrees.com
Jiang W, Kim BY, Rutka JT, Chan WC: Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.
2007, 4, 621-633.
Chan WCW: In: Bio-Applications of Nanoparticles. 2007,
Landes Bioscience, Austin, TX,USA.
Kamal Singh Rathore, Rohit lowalekar, Dr.R.K.Nema,
Dr.C.P.Jain, The Pharma Review,2006, June, p.30-32.
http://www.pothi.com
http://books.google.co.in
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM UNIVERSITY KANPUR 27
