2. PRODUCTION
A production process consists of
activities that are required in
transforming an input set (human
resources, raw
materials, energy, money,information, e
tc.) to valuable outputs with the help of
processors.
3. Production system
A production system converts inputs into
outputs with the help of processors
A generalised production system can be
represented as:-
INPUT OUTPUT
(goods/services)
PROCESSOR
4. Types of production
systems
Classification on the basis of output
Three bases considered-
1. Variety
2. Uniformity
3. Volume per output type
o Two types -
a)continuous
b)intermittent
6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND
INTERMITTENT SYSTEMS
ON THE BASIS OF MACHINERY
CONTINUOUS INTERMITTENT
1.SPECIFIC MACHINERY 1.GENERALISED MACHINERY
2.PERMANENT MACHINE
SETUP
2.FREQUENT CHANGES IN
MACHINE SETUP
3.DUPLICATION OF
MACHINES
3.LESS MACHINES
REQUIRED
7. ON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL
HANDLING AND LABOUR USE
CONTINUOUS INTERMITTENT
1.UNSKILLED AS WELL AS
SMALL TEAM OF
SPECIALISED LABOUR
FORCE
1.HIGHLY SKILLED LABOUR
FORCE
2.MECHANIZED MATERIAL
HANDLING
2.NOT FEASIBLE TO
EMPLOY MECHANIZED
HANDLING
3.MATERIAL HANDLING
COST IS LESS
3.MATERIAL HANDLING
COST IS HIGHER
4.INVESTMENT IN
INVENTORY IS HIGHER
4.NEED FOR INVENTORY IS
MINIMISED
8. ON THE BASIS OF OUTPUT
PRODUCED-
CONTINUOUS INTERMITTENT
1.FEW STANDARD PRODUCTS
IN LARGE QUANTITIES
1.WIDE RANGE OF PRODUCTS
IN SMALL QUANTITIES
2.OUTPUT ON THE BASIS OF
ANTICIPATION OF DEMAND
2.OUTPUT ACCORDING TO
ORDER RECEIVED
9. DIFFERENCES ON THE BASIS OF
MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL
EMPLOYED
CONTINUOUS INTERMITTENT
1.ABSENCE OF MAINTENNCE
MAY INTERRUPT WHOLE
PROCESS
1.NO DANGER OF STOPPAGE
OF WHOLE LINE
2.CONTROLLING IS SIMPLER 2.CONTROLLING IS COMPLEX
10. TYPES OF CONTINUOUS
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
1.FLOW TYPE
Output cannot be segregated into different
units
High degree of uniformity
Output cannot be measured directly
Example-power plant
11. 2.MASS PRODUCTION
Straight line flow of materials
Output of one stge normally becomes
input for another
Output visible in form of identical units
Standardised output produced in large
quantities
PROBLEMS
1. Balancing of production lines
2. Machine maintenance
3. Raw materials supply
Example – sugar production
12. Types of intermittent
production systems
1.BATCH PRODUCTION SYSTEM-
Variety of products are made in small quantities
Various products compete for share of machines
Outputs are aggregated in form of batches
Batches may comprise of similar or dissimilar
outputs
PROBLEMS
1. Machine-job allocation problem
2. Determination of economic batch quantity
3. Scheduling and sequencing of operations
Example – electrical goods
13. 2.JOB-ORDER PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Does not has its own standard product
but accepts whatever customer orders
come in
Output identifiable in terms of specific
job order
Material flow is very complex
PROBLEMS
1. Determination of the sequence of
processing
Example – tailor shop
14. 3.PROJECT PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Project is a temporary endeavour
having a defined beginning and end
;undertaken to meet unique goals and
objectives
Project is non repetitive
This type of production system uses
resources on different projects
Product remains fixed and manpower
and facilities put work on it
PERT/CPM can be used for planning
and control in this case
