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papefons Fons
papefons Fons

The 17th century: general features in demography, society, economy, politics and culture

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THE 17TH CENTURY: ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND THE DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE
DEMOGRAPHY: SLOW POPULATION GROWTH, DUE TO HIGH MORTALITY RATES CAUSED BY WARS, EPIDEMICS AND FAMINES. SOCIETY: STILL DIVIDED INTO ESTATES (PRIVILEGED AND UNDERPRIVILEGED) INCREASING DISCONTENT OF THE BOURGEOIS (ECONOMIC POWER, BUT NO POLITICAL POWER) ECONOMY: - AGRICULTURE CONTINUED TO BE THE PREDOMINANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. - SOME CHANGES IN PRODUCTION ( MANUFACTORIES) AND TRADE (NEW ROUTES AND TRADING COMPANIES).
GOBELINS ROYAL MANUFACTORY, PARIS MANUFACTORIES Merchants concentrated tools and workers in big workshops. They provided the raw materials and paid a salary to the workers. Finished products belonged to the merchants, who could sell them directly in the market, without intermediaries. In some kingdoms the State created royal manufactories to provide the royal palaces with tapestry, crockery, glassware and so on.
CASTILIAN AND PORTUGUESE TRADE ROUTES The Castilians controlled the precious metals route to America The Portuguese controlled the spice route to Asia.
COLONIAL EMPIRES . AMERICA IN THE 17TH CENTURY GALLEON Heavier ships and with more cargo capacity
TRADE ROUTES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Other kingdoms broke the Iberian monopoly in colonial trade. England and Holland seized several Portuguese colonies in Asia (India and Indonesia)
TRIANGULAR TRADE It linked Europe, Africa and America.
EAST INDIA HOUSE IN LONDON TRADING COMPANIES SEAL OF THE VIRGINIA COMPANY LOGO OF THE HUDSON´S BAY COMPANY Companies dedicated to trade, whose shareholders invested money in a commercial business and received profits in proportion to their investment. Trading companies got the protection of the States they belonged to.
THE THIRTY YEARS´ WAR (1618-1648) -Confrontation between the Protestant kingdoms of Northern Europe and the Catholic kingdoms of Southern Europe. - France fought for the Protestants to defy the Habsburg ´s hegemony. -The main battles took place in the Habsburg Empire.
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION LOSS IN THE EMPIRE DURING THE THIRTY YEARS´WAR Around 3.5-4.5 million people died, most of them civilians.
PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648) -End of religious wars in Europe. -Independence of the Low Countries (United Provinces of the Netherlands) -End of the Hispanic hegemony in Europe. France became hegemonic. -Consolidation of the State- nations and Absolute Monarchy. Signature of the Treaty of Münster
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY Monarchs continued to reinforce their power and some scholars justified ther power as derived from God, in order to make it untouchable. -In theory the king concentrated all the powers. His power was unquestionable, because it was considered to be derived from God. -But in practice there were some institutions that limited the king´s power to a certain extent: councils, Parliaments… Kings tried to avoid calling the Parliament. Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Louis XIV of France was the perfect example of an absolute monarch.
Louis XIV built the Versailles Palace and organized parties and meetings to entertain the nobles and avoid revolts and conspiracies against his power. Versailles Palace is an example of the king´s power.
THE ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS In less than 50 years there were two revolutions in England during which a king was beheaded and the monarchs’ power was finally reduced, giving birth to Parliamentary Monarchy.
CHARLES I OF ENGLAND (1600-1649) He tried to rule as an absolute monarch, without the control of the Parliament. He arrested and executed those who opposed him. The Parliament rebelled and a civil war started. In 1649 Charles I was decapitated and the Republic was proclaimed.
OLIVER CROMWELL He was the strongest man of the English Republic between 1649 and 1658. He acted as a dictator. In 1658 he was appointed Protector Lord. After his death, monarchy was reestablished in 1660.
CHARLES II (1660-1685) Charles II was Charles I´s son. He had to accept the control of the Parliament and the Habeas Corpus, which prevented arbitrary detentions and guaranteed individual freedom. At his death the Duke of York, his brother, became the king. He reigned as James II.
JAMES II (1685-1688) He reigned only for three years. His religious policy confronted him against the Parliament. A new revolution against absolutism started. A group of nobles asked James II´s son-in-law, the Dutch prince William of Orange, to invade England. When William of Orange invaded England James II fled to France, where he was hosted by Louis XIV.
WILLIAM OF ORANGE (1688-1702) He accepted the proposition of some English nobles to dethrone James II and become the king of England on the condition of limiting his power. In 1689 he swore the BILL OF THE RIGHTS, which limited the king´s power and put some decisions under the control of the Parliament. England was the first country to have a limited monarchy, with separation of the executive (king) and the legislative (Parliament) powers.
CULTURE: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Science and thinking made big progress with the development of Empiricism and Rationalism. This is why the 17th century is known as the Scientific Revolution century. - Empiricism: method of knowledge and research based on experience (observing, formulating hypotheses, proving them with experiments…). The main representative of the empiricist method was Galileo Galilei: he improved the telescope (invented by Johannes Kepler) and he defended the heliocentric theory formulated by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. Galileo was condemned by the Inquisition and was on the verge of dying burnt at the stake for contradicting the official Catholic dogma. Galileo obliged to recant before the Inquisition Court
Rationalism was started by the French philosopher René Descartes, who defended the use of doubt as a method to know the world and he proposed the mathematic language as a model on which to base knowledge. He exposed his ideas on the Discourse on the Method.
Royal Academy of Sciences, París Royal Society, Londres Academies continued to have an important role in commissioning scientific researches. In the 17th century some kings were conscious of the importance of scientific knowledge and they founded academies, as the Royal Academies of Sciences, Art and Language in France or the Royal Society in Great Britain.
THE DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE
PHILIP III (1598-1621) DUKE OF LERMA DUKE OF UCEDA He left the government in the hands of two favourites:
- TWELVE YEARS TRUCE (1609-1621): the Northern Provinces of the Low Countries became practically independent - EXPULSION OF THE MOORISH (1609): more than 300,000 people were expelled (20% of the population of the kingdom of Aragón and 33% of the kingdom of Valencia). This strongly affected the Crown of Aragón´s economy. -DEVALUATION OF CURRENCY: gold and silver coins were mixed with copper. Expulsion of the Moorish at Denia port
PHILIP IV (1621-1665) COUNT-DUKE OF OLIVARES
Thirty Years´ War (1618-1648) The Hispanic Monarchy supported the Catholics. At the beginning the Hispanic tercios conquered Breda (1634), but the intervention of France changed the sign of war and the tercios were defeated in Rocroi (1643). The Surrender of Breda Velázquez Rocroi At the end of the war the United Provinces of the Netherlands became independent and the Hispanic Monarchy lost the supremacy in Europe
Olivares´s project of the Union of Arms provoked uprisings in different kingdoms in 1640. The most serious revolts took place in: - Catalonia, supported by France. The conflict ended with the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659): Aragon lost the territories of Roussillon and Perpignan. - Portugal: the conflict ended with the Treaty of Lisbon and the definitive independence of Portugal (1668) Count Duke of Olivares Reapers´ war in Catalonia
INBREEDING IN THE HOUSE OF HABSBURG
CHARLES II (1665-1700) Phisically and mentally disabled and constantly sick, he was known as “the Hexed”. Complicated situation and a powerful enemy: France When he died without direct successors, a succession war started, JUAN JOSÉ OF AUSTRIA FERNANDO DE VALENZUELA
Beggars and rogues, painted by Murillo DEMOGRAPHY, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY -DEMOGRAPHY: population decreased due to bad harvests, wars, plagues, migration to the Indies and the expulsion of the Moorish. -ECONOMIC RECESSION: negative political decisions, inefficient farming techniques and competition of cheaper and better quality foreign products -SOCIETY: nobility was the social model and manual work was considered to be shameful and dishonest. Many people wanted to live without working. The economic recession made the number of beggars and rogues bigger.
The Lazarillo de Tormes (anonymous writer) and The Swindler (written by Quevedo) reflected the society of the 17th century.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF LITERATURE QUEVEDO CERVANTES LOPE DE VEGA GÓNGORA CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA TIRSO DE MOLINA

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17thcentury

  • 1. THE 17TH CENTURY: ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND THE DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE
  • 2. DEMOGRAPHY: SLOW POPULATION GROWTH, DUE TO HIGH MORTALITY RATES CAUSED BY WARS, EPIDEMICS AND FAMINES. SOCIETY: STILL DIVIDED INTO ESTATES (PRIVILEGED AND UNDERPRIVILEGED) INCREASING DISCONTENT OF THE BOURGEOIS (ECONOMIC POWER, BUT NO POLITICAL POWER) ECONOMY: - AGRICULTURE CONTINUED TO BE THE PREDOMINANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. - SOME CHANGES IN PRODUCTION ( MANUFACTORIES) AND TRADE (NEW ROUTES AND TRADING COMPANIES).
  • 3. GOBELINS ROYAL MANUFACTORY, PARIS MANUFACTORIES Merchants concentrated tools and workers in big workshops. They provided the raw materials and paid a salary to the workers. Finished products belonged to the merchants, who could sell them directly in the market, without intermediaries. In some kingdoms the State created royal manufactories to provide the royal palaces with tapestry, crockery, glassware and so on.
  • 4. CASTILIAN AND PORTUGUESE TRADE ROUTES The Castilians controlled the precious metals route to America The Portuguese controlled the spice route to Asia.
  • 5. COLONIAL EMPIRES . AMERICA IN THE 17TH CENTURY GALLEON Heavier ships and with more cargo capacity
  • 6. TRADE ROUTES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN Other kingdoms broke the Iberian monopoly in colonial trade. England and Holland seized several Portuguese colonies in Asia (India and Indonesia)
  • 7. TRIANGULAR TRADE It linked Europe, Africa and America.
  • 8. EAST INDIA HOUSE IN LONDON TRADING COMPANIES SEAL OF THE VIRGINIA COMPANY LOGO OF THE HUDSON´S BAY COMPANY Companies dedicated to trade, whose shareholders invested money in a commercial business and received profits in proportion to their investment. Trading companies got the protection of the States they belonged to.
  • 9. THE THIRTY YEARS´ WAR (1618-1648) -Confrontation between the Protestant kingdoms of Northern Europe and the Catholic kingdoms of Southern Europe. - France fought for the Protestants to defy the Habsburg ´s hegemony. -The main battles took place in the Habsburg Empire.
  • 10. PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION LOSS IN THE EMPIRE DURING THE THIRTY YEARS´WAR Around 3.5-4.5 million people died, most of them civilians.
  • 11. PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648) -End of religious wars in Europe. -Independence of the Low Countries (United Provinces of the Netherlands) -End of the Hispanic hegemony in Europe. France became hegemonic. -Consolidation of the State- nations and Absolute Monarchy. Signature of the Treaty of Münster
  • 12. ABSOLUTE MONARCHY Monarchs continued to reinforce their power and some scholars justified ther power as derived from God, in order to make it untouchable. -In theory the king concentrated all the powers. His power was unquestionable, because it was considered to be derived from God. -But in practice there were some institutions that limited the king´s power to a certain extent: councils, Parliaments… Kings tried to avoid calling the Parliament. Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
  • 13. Louis XIV of France was the perfect example of an absolute monarch.
  • 14. Louis XIV built the Versailles Palace and organized parties and meetings to entertain the nobles and avoid revolts and conspiracies against his power. Versailles Palace is an example of the king´s power.
  • 15. THE ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS In less than 50 years there were two revolutions in England during which a king was beheaded and the monarchs’ power was finally reduced, giving birth to Parliamentary Monarchy.
  • 16. CHARLES I OF ENGLAND (1600-1649) He tried to rule as an absolute monarch, without the control of the Parliament. He arrested and executed those who opposed him. The Parliament rebelled and a civil war started. In 1649 Charles I was decapitated and the Republic was proclaimed.
  • 17. OLIVER CROMWELL He was the strongest man of the English Republic between 1649 and 1658. He acted as a dictator. In 1658 he was appointed Protector Lord. After his death, monarchy was reestablished in 1660.
  • 18. CHARLES II (1660-1685) Charles II was Charles I´s son. He had to accept the control of the Parliament and the Habeas Corpus, which prevented arbitrary detentions and guaranteed individual freedom. At his death the Duke of York, his brother, became the king. He reigned as James II.
  • 19. JAMES II (1685-1688) He reigned only for three years. His religious policy confronted him against the Parliament. A new revolution against absolutism started. A group of nobles asked James II´s son-in-law, the Dutch prince William of Orange, to invade England. When William of Orange invaded England James II fled to France, where he was hosted by Louis XIV.
  • 20. WILLIAM OF ORANGE (1688-1702) He accepted the proposition of some English nobles to dethrone James II and become the king of England on the condition of limiting his power. In 1689 he swore the BILL OF THE RIGHTS, which limited the king´s power and put some decisions under the control of the Parliament. England was the first country to have a limited monarchy, with separation of the executive (king) and the legislative (Parliament) powers.
  • 21. CULTURE: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Science and thinking made big progress with the development of Empiricism and Rationalism. This is why the 17th century is known as the Scientific Revolution century. - Empiricism: method of knowledge and research based on experience (observing, formulating hypotheses, proving them with experiments…). The main representative of the empiricist method was Galileo Galilei: he improved the telescope (invented by Johannes Kepler) and he defended the heliocentric theory formulated by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century. Galileo was condemned by the Inquisition and was on the verge of dying burnt at the stake for contradicting the official Catholic dogma. Galileo obliged to recant before the Inquisition Court
  • 22. Rationalism was started by the French philosopher René Descartes, who defended the use of doubt as a method to know the world and he proposed the mathematic language as a model on which to base knowledge. He exposed his ideas on the Discourse on the Method.
  • 23. Royal Academy of Sciences, París Royal Society, Londres Academies continued to have an important role in commissioning scientific researches. In the 17th century some kings were conscious of the importance of scientific knowledge and they founded academies, as the Royal Academies of Sciences, Art and Language in France or the Royal Society in Great Britain.
  • 24. THE DECLINE OF THE HISPANIC EMPIRE
  • 25. PHILIP III (1598-1621) DUKE OF LERMA DUKE OF UCEDA He left the government in the hands of two favourites:
  • 26. - TWELVE YEARS TRUCE (1609-1621): the Northern Provinces of the Low Countries became practically independent - EXPULSION OF THE MOORISH (1609): more than 300,000 people were expelled (20% of the population of the kingdom of Aragón and 33% of the kingdom of Valencia). This strongly affected the Crown of Aragón´s economy. -DEVALUATION OF CURRENCY: gold and silver coins were mixed with copper. Expulsion of the Moorish at Denia port
  • 28. Thirty Years´ War (1618-1648) The Hispanic Monarchy supported the Catholics. At the beginning the Hispanic tercios conquered Breda (1634), but the intervention of France changed the sign of war and the tercios were defeated in Rocroi (1643). The Surrender of Breda Velázquez Rocroi At the end of the war the United Provinces of the Netherlands became independent and the Hispanic Monarchy lost the supremacy in Europe
  • 29. Olivares´s project of the Union of Arms provoked uprisings in different kingdoms in 1640. The most serious revolts took place in: - Catalonia, supported by France. The conflict ended with the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659): Aragon lost the territories of Roussillon and Perpignan. - Portugal: the conflict ended with the Treaty of Lisbon and the definitive independence of Portugal (1668) Count Duke of Olivares Reapers´ war in Catalonia
  • 30. INBREEDING IN THE HOUSE OF HABSBURG
  • 31. CHARLES II (1665-1700) Phisically and mentally disabled and constantly sick, he was known as “the Hexed”. Complicated situation and a powerful enemy: France When he died without direct successors, a succession war started, JUAN JOSÉ OF AUSTRIA FERNANDO DE VALENZUELA
  • 32. Beggars and rogues, painted by Murillo DEMOGRAPHY, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY -DEMOGRAPHY: population decreased due to bad harvests, wars, plagues, migration to the Indies and the expulsion of the Moorish. -ECONOMIC RECESSION: negative political decisions, inefficient farming techniques and competition of cheaper and better quality foreign products -SOCIETY: nobility was the social model and manual work was considered to be shameful and dishonest. Many people wanted to live without working. The economic recession made the number of beggars and rogues bigger.
  • 33. The Lazarillo de Tormes (anonymous writer) and The Swindler (written by Quevedo) reflected the society of the 17th century.
  • 34. THE GOLDEN AGE OF LITERATURE QUEVEDO CERVANTES LOPE DE VEGA GÓNGORA CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA TIRSO DE MOLINA